Category: Self Development

This article has been translated into other languages:

• Indonesian
• Arabic (coming soon)

There is a certain group of people who believe that they are descendants of the prophet Muhammad. A popular term used to refer to these people is “Sayyid” (singular) or “Sadah” (plural). It is also commonly spelled “Syed”. The descendants of Muhammad through their mother but not father are referred to as “Mirza”. Although reliable statistics are unavailable, conservative estimates put the number of Sayyids in the tens of millions. Sayyids can be found all over the world including the following.

Iraq
The Sayyid families in Iraq are so numerous that there are books written especially to list the families and connect their trees.

Iran
Sayyids are found in vast numbers in Iran. The Chief of the “National Organization for Civil Registration” of Iran declared that more than 6 million Iranians are Sayyid.

Oman
In Oman, Sayyid is used by members of the Al Said ruling royal family. Members of the extended family or members by marriage carry the title Sayyid or Sayyida for a female. Such titles in Oman are hereditary through paternal lineage or in some exceptional circumstances, such as an honorary title given by royal decree.

Libya
The Sayyids in Libya are Sunni, including the former royal family, which is originally Zaidi-Moroccan (also known as the Senussi family).

Yemen
In Yemen the Sayyids are more generally known as sadah; they are also referred to as Hashemites. In terms of religious practice, they are Shia, Sunni, and Sufi. Sayyid families in Yemen include the Rassids, the Qasimids, the Mutawakkilites, the Hamideddins, some Al-Zaidi of Ma’rib, Sana’a, and Sa’dah, the Ba ‘Alawi sada families in Hadhramaut, Al-Wazir of Sana’a, Al-Shammam of Sa’dah, the Sufyan of Juban, and the Al-Jaylani of Juban.

Yemeni Ba ’Alawi
The term Ba ‘Alawi (باعلوي) which, in Yemeni dialect, is short for Bani ‘Alawi, means “clan or descendants of ‘Alawi”.

The Ba ‘Alawi sada families trace their lineage to Sayyid al-Imam Ahmad al-Muhajir bin Isa ar-Rumi born in 873 (260H), who emigrated from Basra to Hadhramaut in 931 (320H) to avoid sectarian violence, including the invasion of the Qaramite forces into the Abbasid Caliphate. Imam al-Muhajir’s grandson Alawi was the first Sayyid to be born in Hadhramaut, and the only one of Imam al-Muhajir’s descendants to produce a continuous line; the lineages of Imam al-Muhajir’s other grandsons, Basri and Jadid, were cut off after several generations. Accordingly, Imam Al-Muhajir’s descendants in Hadhramaut hold the name Bā ‘Alawi (“descendants of Alawi”). The Ba ‘Alawi Sadah have since been living in Hadhramaut in Southern Yemen, maintaining the Sunni Creed in the fiqh school of Shafii. In the beginning, a descendant of Imam Ahmad Muhajir who became a scholar in Islamic studies was called Imam, then Sheikh, but later called Habib (beloved).

South Asia
In 1901 the total number of Sayyids (Syeds) in British India was counted as 1,339,734. Recent estimates show that in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal there are more than 15 million Sayyids: 8 million in Pakistan, 7 million in India, over 1 million in Bangladesh, and around seventy thousand in Nepal.

Southeast Asia
Most of the Alawi Sayyids who moved to Southeast Asia were descendants of Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin, especially of Ba ‘Alawi sada, many of which were descendants of migrants from Hadhramaut. Even though they are alleged descendants of Husayn, it is uncommon for the female Sayyids to be called Sayyidah; they are more commonly called Sharifah. Most of them live in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Moro Province in the Philippines, Pattani and Cambodia. Many of the royal families of this region such as the previous royal families of the Philippines (Sultanate of Sulu, Sultanate of Maguindanao, Confederation of Sultanates of Ranao), Singapore (Sultanate of Singapore), Malaysia (Sultanates of Johor and Perlis), Indonesia (Sultanates of Siak, Pontianak, Gowa, some Javanese Sultanates), and the existing royal family of Brunei (House of Bolkiah) are also Sayyids, especially of Ba’Alawi.

Some common surnames of these Sayyids are al-Saqqaf, Shihab (or Shahab), al-Aidaroos, al-Habsyi (or al-Habshi), al-Kaff, al-Aththos, al-Haddad, al-Jufri (or al-Jifri), al-Muhdhar, al-Shaikh Abubakar, al-Qadri, al-Munawwar.

Ottoman Empire
In the Ottoman Empire, Muhammad’s descendants formed a kind of nobility with the privilege of wearing green turbans.

Are Sayyids Really Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad?

Genetic studies of Sayyids of the Indian sub-continent

The authors of the study “Y chromosomes of self-identified Syeds from the Indian subcontinent” showed that the Y chromosomes of self-identified Syeds from India and Pakistan are no less diverse than those non-Syeds from the same regions, suggesting that Syed status, rather than being strictly patrilineal, may have been passed through other routes, and that there is no biological basis to the belief that self-identified Syeds in this part of the world share a recent common ancestry.

Imposters

In the Ottoman Empire, tax breaks for Sayyids encouraged many people to buy certificates of descent or forge genealogies; the phenomenon of teseyyüd – falsely claiming noble ancestry – spread across ethnic, class, and religious boundaries. In the 17th century, an Ottoman bureaucrat estimated that there were 300,000 impostors. In 18th-century Anatolia, nearly all upper-class urban people claimed descent from Muhammad.

Mixed ancestry

Though many Sayyids claim nobility and superiority due to their lineage to the prophet Muhammad, most Sayyids can only claim patrilineal descent. Sayyids often married non-Sayyid Arabs and even non-Arabs resulting in them having very little genetic traces of the Prophet Muhammad. Unsurprisingly, most Sayyids, such as the Ba’Alawi of Southeast Asia, look mixed Asian and Arab or completely Asian. Following are some famous Ba’Alawi Sayyids according to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba_%27Alawi_sada who look Indonesian or mixed Arab and Indonesian.

Sayyid Superiority

Most Muslims consider Prophet Muhammad to be superior to all other prophets. This is evidenced by the fact that pretty much every mosque in the world has two names placed side by side on their walls, namely “Muhammad” and “Allah” (Arabic for “God”). Very rarely will you see the names of the other prophets such as Abraham, Moses and Jesus. Interestingly, Muhammad’s name is more often than not the same size and at the same height as that of God suggesting that Muhammad is equal to God, which obviously contradicts Islam’s core fundamental belief, but that’s a different issue.

By believing in the superiority of Muhammad, some descendants of the prophet Muhammad and even other Muslims would regard Sayyids as noble people who are somewhat superior to everyone else. For example, in the Ottoman empire, tax breaks were given to Sayyids. In Indonesia, many native Indonesian students of Islam would bow down and kiss the hand of a Sayyid even if the Sayyid wasn’t a practicing Muslim.

Further evidence that Sayyids consider themselves a superior group comes from their choice of a marriage partner (or their parent’s choice of a marriage partner for their children). 

In India, traditional Sayyid families rarely marry outside their community and emphasize marrying into Najeeb Altarfain (of Sayyid descent from both the mother’s and father’s side) families. However, this insistence on endogamy has begun to decline among the more urbanized families, with an increase in exogamy with other groups such as the Shaikh and Mughals.

In Indonesia, I am personally familiar with the fact that many Ba’Alawi Sayyids insist on marrying other Ba’Alawi Sayyids, especially if the Sayyid is a female since ancestral lineage is patrilineal. Ironically, the prophet Muhammad himself had no sons, just a daughter, yet many Sayyids use patrilineal ancestry in their family trees linking them to the prophet.

Marriage

In order to continue their patrilineal ancestry to the prophet Muhammad and consequently their children’s sense of nobility and superiority, female Sayyids would have to marry other Sayyids. Unfortunately, however, marrying someone on the basis of family name as opposed to compatibility is likely to result in disappointment and divorce. 

Sayyid women marrying Sayyid men

In one example, a female Ba’alawi Sayyid I know married a Ba’alawi Sayyid man who turned out to be violent and who even threatened to kill her. Not exactly noble behavior!

In another example, a Ba’alawi Sayyid woman married a Ba’alawi Sayyid man who was her cousin. The man then married another woman who was a non-Ba’Alwi Arab so as to have two wives. The first wife rejected the second marriage and ran away. Eventually, the second wife divorced her husband. The first wife, who never worked, was dependant on her husband so she eventually came back to him. Now, they live together but sleep in separate rooms and don’t talk to each other.

In another example, a female Ba’alawi Sayyid I know married a Ba’alawi Sayyid without them having even seen each other in person before their wedding day. There was even support and pressure for this marriage from both families as if marriage between two Sayyids was a guarantee of success and happiness. Unsurprisingly, she divorced her husband after 10 years, is now 44 years old, doesn’t have any kids despite wishing to have kids, and is finding it difficult to remarry at her age. 

A non-Sayyid Arab woman marrying a Sayyid man

Some non-Sayyid women may feel proud to marry a Sayyid man so that their children can become Sayyids. Though Sayyids may consider themselves superior, they are really just ordinary people. Like everyone else, some Sayyids are good and some are bad. I personally know of a non-Sayyid woman who married two Ba’alawi Sayyids. She divorced the first husband after one week and divorced the second after having 6 children. She never remarried. Though she may feel proud that her children are Sayyids, she’s probably more disappointed that her marriages failed.

A Sayyid woman marrying a non-Arab, non-Sayyid man

Sometimes, a female Sayyid would marry a non-Arab non-Sayyid. This happened to the sister of a Ba’alawi Sayyid friend of mine. She wanted to marry a native Indonesian. As this was considered unacceptable, sadly only a few people attended the wedding from the Sayyid side. The majority of the wedding guests were from the non-Sayyid groom’s side.

Sayyid men marrying non-Arab, non-Sayyid women

There are also cases where Sayyid parents insist their sons marry Sayyids but their sons don’t want to. In one case, three Ba’alawi Sayyid brothers each married non-Sayyids who were Mongolian, Japanese and Indonesian. Though their parents were devastated and felt disgraced, their sons seem happily married.

Matrimonial websites

Some matrimonial matchmaking websites even have a category for people to search for men and women who are Sayyids or Syeds like this Indian one.

Some may mention outright that they are only interested in marrying another Sayyid. In some cases, a parent may create a profile for their son or daughter stating that they are Sayyids and are strictly seeking Sayyid matches with words like “Non-Sayyids should not contact us and waste our time.”

Unsurprisingly, after generations of inter-racial marriages, the self-identified Sayyids on this website look Indian instead of Arab.

On another Indian matrimonial website, Muslims can choose one of many, many “castes” one of which is “Muslim – Syed”. 

What’s interesting (and sad) is the sheer number of groups under the Muslim category. On this website, one can search for one of the following Muslim groups. Apparently some people – possibly many – feel that these subdivisions are necessary without realizing that it only further divides Muslims rather than unites them. Furthermore, it limits one’s choices when searching for a spouse which limits one’s potential for attaining a happy marriage.

• Muslim
• Muslim – Ansari
• Muslim – Arain
• Muslim – Awan
• Muslim – Bohra
• Muslim – Dekkani
• Muslim – Dudekula
• Muslim – Hanafi
• Muslim – Jat
• Muslim – Khoja
• Muslim – Lebbai
• Muslim – Malik
• Muslim – Mapila
• Muslim – Maraicar
• Muslim – Memon
• Muslim – Mughal
• Muslim – Pathan
• Muslim – Qureshi
• Muslim – Rajput
• Muslim – Rowther
• Muslim – Shafi
• Muslim – Sheikh
• Muslim – Siddiqui
• Muslim – Syed
• Muslim – UnSpecified

As an American Muslim, I personally am not familiar with any of these Muslim groups and only last week learned about the “Syed” group. In other words, for an outsider, none of the groups matter except for the parent group, i.e. “Muslim”.

What About Descendants of Other Prophets?

All prophets and messengers of Islam are equal

All Muslims believe that there are many prophets in Islam besides Muhammad. Some prophets are more famous than others, e.g. Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus. Unfortunately, Muslims, both Sayyid and non-Sayyid, incorrectly believe that Muhammad is superior to all other prophets. Rather, no distinction should be made between any of the prophets and messengers of God. This is proven in the following verses.

إِنَّا أَنزَلْنَا التَّوْرَاةَ فِيهَا هُدًى وَنُورٌ ۚ يَحْكُمُ بِهَا النَّبِيُّونَ الَّذِينَ أَسْلَمُوا لِلَّذِينَ هَادُوا وَالرَّبَّانِيُّونَ وَالْأَحْبَارُ بِمَا اسْتُحْفِظُوا مِن كِتَابِ اللَّهِ وَكَانُوا عَلَيْهِ شُهَدَاءَ ۚ فَلَا تَخْشَوُا النَّاسَ وَاخْشَوْنِ وَلَا تَشْتَرُوا بِآيَاتِي ثَمَنًا قَلِيلًا ۚ وَمَن لَّمْ يَحْكُم بِمَا أَنزَلَ اللَّهُ فَأُولَٰئِكَ هُمُ الْكَافِرُونَ

Say: We believe in God and that which had been revealed to us, and that which was revealed to Abraham and Ishmael and Isaac and Jacob and the tribes, and that which was given to Moses and Jesus, and that which was given to the prophets from their Lord, we do not make any distinction between any of them (prophets), and we are Muslims [in submission] to Him. (Quran: 2:136)

ءَامَنَ ٱلرَّسُولُ بِمَآ أُنزِلَ إِلَيْهِ مِن رَّبِّهِۦ وَٱلْمُؤْمِنُونَ ۚ كُلٌّ ءَامَنَ بِٱللَّهِ وَمَلَـٰٓئِكَتِهِۦ وَكُتُبِهِۦ وَرُسُلِهِۦ لَا نُفَرِّقُ بَيْنَ أَحَدٍۢ مِّن رُّسُلِهِۦ ۚ وَقَالُوا۟ سَمِعْنَا وَأَطَعْنَا ۖ غُفْرَانَكَ رَبَّنَا وَإِلَيْكَ ٱلْمَصِيرُ

The Messenger has believed in what was revealed to him from his Lord, and [so have] the believers. All of them have believed in God and His angels and His books and His messengers, [saying], “We make no distinction between any of His messengers.” And they say, “We hear and we obey. [We seek] Your forgiveness, our Lord, and to You is the [final] destination.” (Quran: 2:285)

قُلْ ءَامَنَّا بِٱللَّهِ وَمَآ أُنزِلَ عَلَيْنَا وَمَآ أُنزِلَ عَلَىٰٓ إِبْرَٰهِيمَ وَإِسْمَـٰعِيلَ وَإِسْحَـٰقَ وَيَعْقُوبَ وَٱلْأَسْبَاطِ وَمَآ أُوتِىَ مُوسَىٰ وَعِيسَىٰ وَٱلنَّبِيُّونَ مِن رَّبِّهِمْ لَا نُفَرِّقُ بَيْنَ أَحَدٍۢ مِّنْهُمْ وَنَحْنُ لَهُۥ مُسْلِمُونَ

Say, “We have believed in God and in what was revealed to us and what was revealed to Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, and the Descendants [al-Asbat], and in what was given to Moses and Jesus and to the prophets from their Lord. We make no distinction between any of them (prophets), and we are Muslims [submitting] to Him.” (Quran: 3:84)

Verse 4:152 indicates that God will reward believers who do not discriminate between any of the messengers. This implies that believers, including Sayyids, who regard the prophet Muhammad as superior to other prophets and messengers will not be rewarded.

وَٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا۟ بِٱللَّهِ وَرُسُلِهِۦ وَلَمْ يُفَرِّقُوا۟ بَيْنَ أَحَدٍۢ مِّنْهُمْ أُو۟لَـٰٓئِكَ سَوْفَ يُؤْتِيهِمْ أُجُورَهُمْ ۗ وَكَانَ ٱللَّهُ غَفُورًۭا رَّحِيمًۭا

But they who believe in God and His messengers and do not discriminate between any of them (messengers) – to those He is going to give their rewards. And ever is God Forgiving and Merciful. (Quran: 4:152)

Now that it has been proven that 

• all prophets and messengers are equal
• Muslims are not allowed to view prophets and messengers as unequal
• Muhammad is not superior to the other prophets and messengers

let’s see what the Quran says about some of the descendants of other prophets.

Some of Abraham’s descendants were wrongdoers

In verse 2:124, we see proof that not all of Abraham’s descendants are righteous. God acknowledges that some are wrongdoers despite being descendants of the prophet Abraham.

وَإِذِ ابْتَلَىٰ إِبْرَاهِيمَ رَبُّهُ بِكَلِمَاتٍ فَأَتَمَّهُنَّ ۖ قَالَ إِنِّي جَاعِلُكَ لِلنَّاسِ إِمَامًا ۖ قَالَ وَمِن ذُرِّيَّتِي ۖ قَالَ لَا يَنَالُ عَهْدِي الظَّالِمِينَ

And [mention, O Muhammad], when Abraham was tried by his Lord with commands and he fulfilled them. [God] said, “Indeed, I will make you a leader for the people.” [Abraham] said, “And of my descendants?” [God] said, “My covenant does not include the wrongdoers.” (Quran: 2:124)

In verses 37:112-113, we see that Abraham was given a son named Isaac but some of their descendants were unrighteous sinners.

وَبَشَّرْنَـٰهُ بِإِسْحَـٰقَ نَبِيًّۭا مِّنَ ٱلصَّـٰلِحِينَ وَبَـٰرَكْنَا عَلَيْهِ وَعَلَىٰٓ إِسْحَـٰقَ ۚ وَمِن ذُرِّيَّتِهِمَا مُحْسِنٌۭ وَظَالِمٌۭ لِّنَفْسِهِۦ مُبِينٌۭ

And We gave him [Abraham] good tidings of Isaac, a prophet from among the righteous. And We blessed him and Isaac. But among their descendants is the doer of good and the clearly unjust to himself [i.e., sinner]. (Quran: 37:112-113)

In verses 11:1-18, we see proof that all but one of Prophet Jacob’s sons were unrighteous. They tried to kill their brother, Joseph, by throwing him down a well. Joseph would later become a prophet.

In verse 11:46 we see proof that prophet Noah’s immediate descendant (one of his sons) was unrighteous.

قَالَ يَـٰنُوحُ إِنَّهُۥ لَيْسَ مِنْ أَهْلِكَ ۖ إِنَّهُۥ عَمَلٌ غَيْرُ صَـٰلِحٍۢ ۖ فَلَا تَسْـَٔلْنِ مَا لَيْسَ لَكَ بِهِۦ عِلْمٌ ۖ إِنِّىٓ أَعِظُكَ أَن تَكُونَ مِنَ ٱلْجَـٰهِلِينَ

He [God] said, “O Noah, indeed he (your son) is not of your family; indeed, he is [one whose] work was other than righteous, so ask Me not for that about which you have no knowledge. Indeed, I advise you, lest you be among the ignorant.” (Quran: 11:46)

Notice that in the above verse, God tells Noah that not only is one of his sons unrighteous, but that 

1. Noah should not consider his unrighteous son to be of his family. 
2. Noah should not ask God to help his son

In verse 57:26 we see clear proof that many (not some, but “many”) of the descendants of prophets Noah and Abraham were wrongdoers (“defiantly disobedient”). The word for “many” used in the verse is “katheer” / كَثِيرٌۭ in Arabic which clearly means “many”.

وَلَقَدْ أَرْسَلْنَا نُوحًۭا وَإِبْرَٰهِيمَ وَجَعَلْنَا فِى ذُرِّيَّتِهِمَا ٱلنُّبُوَّةَ وَٱلْكِتَـٰبَ ۖ فَمِنْهُم مُّهْتَدٍۢ ۖ وَكَثِيرٌۭ مِّنْهُمْ فَـٰسِقُونَ

And We have already sent Noah and Abraham and placed in their descendants prophethood and scripture; and among them is he who is guided, but many of them were defiantly disobedient. (Quran: 57:26)

It’s possible that this verse is referring to people who lived amongst the descendants of Noah and Abraham but, considering the wording in the verses above, it most likely means that the wrongdoers were their descendants.

What About Descendants of Prophets Moses and Jesus?

According to the Quran, Moses and Jesus are prophets of Islam. They are two of the most often mentioned prophets in the Quran. The Quran calls their followers People of the Book (Arabic: Ahl Al-Kitaab) because they are followers of the holy book, the Jewish Torah. Jews and Christians revere Moses and Jesus just as much as followers of the Quran revere Muhammad. However, Jews and Christians have different attitudes towards the descendants of these prophets. 

Jesus’ descendants

In the case of Jesus, there is no issue because he had no descendants.

Moses’ descendants

In the case of Moses, he had two sons, Gershom and Eliezer. However, when it came time to choose a successor for Moses, Jewish Sages said that Moses requested that one of his sons be appointed. But, God responded with, “Your sons sat and did not occupy themselves with Torah. Joshua, who served you, is fitting to serve Israel.” So, Joshua became the leader of the Israelite tribes after the death of Moses and not any of Moses’ sons (Deuteronomy 31:1–8; 34:9).

Moses had an older brother, Aaron, who had four sons. Though Moses’ sons did not live up to Moses’ example, Aaron’s sons did carry the noble traditions of their father. God considered Moses’ nephews (Aaron’s sons) as Moses’ children, for Moses was the one who taught them the Torah. This is reflected in Numbers 3:1 which begins “These are the descendants of Moses and Aaron…” but only lists Aaron’s four sons. God reassured Moses that even Joshua would need to confer with Aaron’s son, the High Priest, to know God’s will.

Though Moses had two sons, they were nothing special and Jews don’t consider descendants of Moses to be any more special than anyone else. Maybe some Muslims can learn from this Jewish attitude.

What About the Wives of Prophets?

Many Muslims believe that the wives of the prophet Muhammad were superior and righteous women. Since it was proven above that all prophets and messengers are equal, then one would expect the wives of other prophets and messengers to all be superior and righteous as well. Let’s see what the Quran says about that.

In verse 66:10 we see proof that even though prophets Noah and Lot were righteous servants of God, their wives were sinners and were sent to Hell. This verse also proves that righteous prophets had no power to save their sinful wives from Hell.

ضَرَبَ ٱللَّهُ مَثَلًۭا لِّلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا۟ ٱمْرَأَتَ نُوحٍۢ وَٱمْرَأَتَ لُوطٍۢ ۖ كَانَتَا تَحْتَ عَبْدَيْنِ مِنْ عِبَادِنَا صَـٰلِحَيْنِ فَخَانَتَاهُمَا فَلَمْ يُغْنِيَا عَنْهُمَا مِنَ ٱللَّهِ شَيْـًۭٔا وَقِيلَ ٱدْخُلَا ٱلنَّارَ مَعَ ٱلدَّٰخِلِينَ

God presents an example of those who disbelieved: the wife of Noah and the wife of Lot. They were under two of Our righteous servants but betrayed them, so they [i.e., those prophets] did not avail them from God at all, and it was said, “Enter the Fire with those who enter.” (Quran: 66:10)

In verse 33:30 we read that if any of prophet Muhammad’s wives committed a sin, then their punishment would be double that of anyone else.

يَـٰنِسَآءَ ٱلنَّبِىِّ مَن يَأْتِ مِنكُنَّ بِفَـٰحِشَةٍۢ مُّبَيِّنَةٍۢ يُضَـٰعَفْ لَهَا ٱلْعَذَابُ ضِعْفَيْنِ ۚ وَكَانَ ذَٰلِكَ عَلَى ٱللَّهِ يَسِيرًۭا

O wives of the Prophet, whoever of you should commit a clear immorality – for her the punishment would be doubled two fold, and ever is that, for God, easy. (Quran: 33:30)

According to the verse above, it becomes clear that being related to the prophet Muhammad does not guarantee exemption from righteousness nor admission to Paradise.

What about Prophet Muhammad himself?

Many Muslims believe that prophet Muhammad was a perfect human. For that reason, they desire to imitate him in every way possible, e.g. having a long beard, following his supposedly original and authentic hadith, celebrating his birthday, etc. Interestingly, God Himself says in the Quran in two separate verses that Muhammad sinned more than once.

إِنَّا فَتَحْنَا لَكَ فَتْحًا مُّبِينًا لِّيَغْفِرَ لَكَ ٱللَّهُ مَا تَقَدَّمَ مِن ذَنۢبِكَ وَمَا تَأَخَّرَ وَيُتِمَّ نِعْمَتَهُۥ عَلَيْكَ وَيَهْدِيَكَ صِرَٰطًا مُّسْتَقِيمًا

Indeed, We have given you, [O Muḥammad], a clear conquest. That Allāh may forgive for you what preceded of your sin and what will follow and complete His favor upon you and guide you to a straight path (Quran: 48:1-2)

فَٱعْلَمْ أَنَّهُۥ لَآ إِلَـٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّهُ وَٱسْتَغْفِرْ لِذَنۢبِكَ وَلِلْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَٱلْمُؤْمِنَـٰتِ ۗ وَٱللَّهُ يَعْلَمُ مُتَقَلَّبَكُمْ وَمَثْوَىٰكُمْ

So know, [O Muḥammad], that there is no deity except Allāh and ask forgiveness for your sin and for the believing men and believing women. And Allāh knows of your movement and your resting place. (Quran: 47:19)

Note that the word ذَنْبٌ actually does mean sin.

Intercession by Prophet Muhammad

Some Sayyids believe that their bloodline to Prophet Muhammad would help them gain access to Paradise by way of Prophet Muhammad interceding on their behalf on the Day of Judgment / Recompense. This belief is extremely dangerous as it offers a false sense of security. According to verse 2:123, no one, including the prophet Muhammad, has the power to intercede on anyone’s behalf on the Day.

وَٱتَّقُوا۟ يَوْمًۭا لَّا تَجْزِى نَفْسٌ عَن نَّفْسٍۢ شَيْـًۭٔا وَلَا يُقْبَلُ مِنْهَا عَدْلٌۭ وَلَا تَنفَعُهَا شَفَـٰعَةٌۭ وَلَا هُمْ يُنصَرُونَ

And fear a Day (Day of Judgment / Recompense) when no soul will suffice for another soul at all, and no compensation will be accepted from it, nor will any intercession benefit it, nor will they be aided. (Quran: 2:123)

The verse above proves that on matters of religion, everyone is responsible for themselves, and no ancestor, no matter how famous or noble they were, whether they died yesterday or 1400 years ago, can benefit anyone, let alone their descendants.

Comparing Sayyids to Other Groups

Obviously, Sayyids aren’t the only people who think they are superior to others. Following are some examples of other groups of people who have a superiority complex.

Hindus

The Hindu caste system divides Hindus into four main categories – Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and the Shudras. Many believe that the groups originated from Brahma, the Hindu God of creation. Outside of this Hindu caste system were the achhoots – the Dalits or the untouchables. In this system, the higher your caste, the more superior you are.

Note that, as for Sayyids, this Hindu belief system is based on birth – no one can move from one group to another, whether up or down. From the viewpoint of a Hindu of upper caste, a Sayyid Muslim could be regarded as inferior to them. One consequence of this egregiously unfair Hindu caste system is the conversion of many Dalits to Islam hoping to escape discrimination. Unfortunately, according to the BBC article Why are many Indian Muslims seen as untouchable?, even Muslims of upper castes will discriminate against Dalits who have become Muslim.

Dalits are considered impure by caste Hindus and many of them work in sanitation.

Although India’s constitution banned discrimination on the basis of caste, discrimination by caste is still widely prevalent.

White supremacists

White supremacists believe that white people constitute a superior race and should therefore dominate society, typically to the exclusion or detriment of other racial and ethnic groups, in particular black or Jewish people. Some white supremacists argue that their blood is “pure” or that they are “pure” descendants of white Europeans. It is not uncommon for a white supremacist member to think they are pure European only to find out after taking a genealogy test that they have mixed ancestry.

For example, many white people may look caucasian but actually have mixed native American or Mexican ancestry. This shocking reality leads some to simply reject the test results so they may continue with their feelings of superiority.

Although US law prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, national origin, sex, age, etc, discrimination on these points still exists.

Other examples

If you think about it, racism and people who have a superiority complex exist in all walks of life. Some examples are:

• A person who lives in the city may think they are superior to people who live in rural areas
• A rich people may think they are superior to poor people
• A fair skinned Indian or African may think they are superior to dark skinned Indians and Africans (Note: skin whitening is big business in Asia and Africa)
  • Skin whitening big business in Asia
  • India’s multibillion-dollar skin lightening industry under fire as Indians seek whiter shade of pale
• An educated person may feel they are superior to uneducated people
• A person who owns a house may feel superior to people who rent a house
• A person who owns a car may feel superior to someone who has to ride public transportation
• An American, being from the richest and most powerful country in the world, may feel superior to all non-Americans.

Most Sayyids would consider the Hindu caste system, white supremacy, and the other examples above as outrageous and completely unacceptable. Ironically, many Sayyids are no different than these other groups who claim superiority.

Salawaat

In Quran, Surah al-Ahzab (33), Verse 56 we read that God and His Angels send salawaat  (blessings) to Muhammad and God instructed believers to send salawaat Muhammad as well. 

إِنَّ ٱل‍لَّٰهَ وَمَلَائِكَتَهُ يُصَلُّونَ عَلَىٰ ٱلنَّبِيِّ يَا أَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ آمَنُوا۟ صَلُّوا۟ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلِّمُوا۟ تَسْلِيمًا

“God and His Angels send blessings on the Prophet, O you who believe! Send your blessings on him, and salute him a thorough salutation” (Quran: 33:56)

The word salawaat is the plural form of the word salat which means prayer, blessings or salutation. Some Sayyids think that since God and His Angels send blessings on the prophet Muhammad, then Muhammad must be superior to all other prophets, and by extension, Muhammad’s descendants are superior. They can easily be proven wrong by reading a few verses before the one above. In Quran Surah al-Ahzab (33), Verses 41-43 we find that God and His Angels send blessings on ALL believers.

يَـٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا۟ ٱذْكُرُوا۟ ٱللَّهَ ذِكْرًۭا كَثِيرًۭا وَسَبِّحُوهُ بُكْرَةًۭ وَأَصِيلًا هُوَ ٱلَّذِى يُصَلِّى عَلَيْكُمْ وَمَلَـٰٓئِكَتُهُۥ لِيُخْرِجَكُم مِّنَ ٱلظُّلُمَـٰتِ إِلَى ٱلنُّورِ ۚ وَكَانَ بِٱلْمُؤْمِنِينَ رَحِيمًۭا

O you who have believed, remember God with much remembrance. And exalt Him morning and afternoon. It is He who confers blessing upon you (believers), and His angels [do so as well] that He may bring you out from darkness into the light. And ever is He, to the believers, Merciful. (Quran: 33:41-43)

When Muslims pray, they recite salawaat near the end of the prayer. It usually reads as follows:

ٱللَّٰهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَىٰ مُحَمَّدٍ وَعَلَىٰ آلِ مُحَمَّدٍ كَمَا صَلَّيْتَ عَلَىٰ إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَعَلَىٰ آلِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ إِنَّكَ حَمِيدٌ مَجِيدٌ ٱللَّٰهُمَّ بَارِكْ عَلَىٰ مُحَمَّدٍ وَعَلَىٰ آلِ مُحَمَّدٍ كَمَا بَارَكْتَ عَلَىٰ إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَعَلَىٰ آلِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ إِنَّكَ حَمِيدٌ مَجِيدٌ

God, send prayers on Muhammad and the family of Muhammad, as you have sent prayers on Abrahim and the family of Abrahim. Truly, You are Praiseworthy and Glorious. God, bless Muhammad and the family of Muhammad, as you have blessed Abraham and the family of Abrahim. Truly, You are Praiseworthy and Glorious.

Here, we see that salawaat is done for Muhammad in addition to the family of Muhammad. However, there is no instruction in the Quran for believers to send salawaat to the family of Muhammad. It should come as no surprise that Islam, like many religions, has changed over time due to politics, local traditions, war, etc. It is therefore likely that influential people, e.g. some Sayyids long ago, may have modified the salawaat to include the family of Muhammad for their own personal benefit.

Dividing the Muslim Community

If Sayyids believe they are superior to everyone else, then they are dividing the Muslim community which, according to verse 6:159, is not only unacceptable, but God even tells Muhammad that he has nothing to do with them.

إِنَّ الَّذِينَ فَرَّقُوا دِينَهُمْ وَكَانُوا شِيَعًا لَّسْتَ مِنْهُمْ فِي شَيْءٍ ۚ إِنَّمَا أَمْرُهُمْ إِلَى اللَّهِ ثُمَّ يُنَبِّئُهُم بِمَا كَانُوا يَفْعَلُونَ

Indeed, those who have divided their religion and become sects – you, [O Muhammad], are not [associated] with them in anything. Their affair is only [left] to God; then He will inform them about what they used to do. (6:159)

Ironically, Sayyids use their relationship to Muhammad to justify their sense of superiority which divides Muslims while God indicates that Muhammad has nothing to do with them for that very reason.

Satan (The Father of Arrogance) and Sayyids

Ironically, Muslim Sayyids who believe that they are somehow superior to everyone else are in fact behaving like Satan himself. According to the Quran, Satan (a jinn) felt superior to Adam (a human) because Satan was made from smokeless fire whereas Adam was made from clay.

Clearly, Satan’s biological difference with Adam is much more obvious than the invisible genetic difference between Sayyids and non-Sayyids. We all (Christians, Jews and Muslims) know how the story ends. Satan’s arrogance and superiority complex will commit him to Hell for eternity.

Descendants of Adam – The First Prophet of Islam

Most people have more respect for founders or pioneers of something, whether it is a religion, a country, a successful company, etc, rather than subsequent leaders. This is one reason why most Muslims have a lot of respect for the prophet Muhammad – they think that he is the first Muslim and founder of Islam. Embarrassingly for them, it can easily be proven using the Quran that Muhammad was not the first Muslim and prophet of Islam and that he happens to be the last prophet from a long chain of prophets. In verse 16:123, God specifically told Muhammad to follow the religion of Prophet Abraham. 

ثُمَّ أَوْحَيْنَا إِلَيْكَ أَنِ اتَّبِعْ مِلَّةَ إِبْرَاهِيمَ حَنِيفًا ۖ وَمَا كَانَ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ

Then We [God] revealed to you, [O Muhammad], to follow the form of religion (Arabic: millat) of Abraham, inclining toward truth; and he was not of those who associate with God. (16:123)

Instead of focusing on Muhammad, the last prophet of Islam, what if Muslims focused on Adam, the first prophet of Islam? Even though the Quran doesn’t literally mention that Adam was a prophet or messenger of Islam, his prophethood is clearly implied in verse 3:33 where he is compared to prophets Noah, Abraham and Imran.

إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ ٱصْطَفَىٰٓ ءَادَمَ وَنُوحًۭا وَءَالَ إِبْرَٰهِيمَ وَءَالَ عِمْرَٰنَ عَلَى ٱلْعَـٰلَمِينَ

Indeed, God chose Adam and Noah and the family of Abraham and the family of Imran over the worlds – (3:33)

Prophet Adam was not only the founder and first prophet of Islam but also the founder of mankind (everyone is a descendant of Adam). No family tree is needed to prove one’s descent from Adam. Consequently, everyone is equal with respect to noble ancestry and no one can claim supremacy based on bloodline which, as proven above, is the way of the Devil!

The Most Noble People

If we really wanted to single out a person or a group of people who should be considered noble with respect to Islam, then we can easily find who they are from the Quran. Verse 49:13 makes it clear that the noblest people are the most righteous. And, it should go without saying that righteousness is not based on birth but one’s actions.

يَـٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلنَّاسُ إِنَّا خَلَقْنَـٰكُم مِّن ذَكَرٍۢ وَأُنثَىٰ وَجَعَلْنَـٰكُمْ شُعُوبًۭا وَقَبَآئِلَ لِتَعَارَفُوٓا۟ ۚ إِنَّ أَكْرَمَكُمْ عِندَ ٱللَّهِ أَتْقَىٰكُمْ ۚ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ عَلِيمٌ خَبِيرٌۭ

O mankind, indeed We have created you from male and female and made you peoples and tribes that you may know one another. Indeed, the most noble of you in the sight of Allah is the most righteous of you. Indeed, Allah is Knowing and Aware. (49:13)

Hadith

Some Sayyids may argue that there are hadith that support the argument that the Prophet Muhammad and his progeny are superior to everyone else. For them, they may read my article which proves that the hadith are not a valid source of Islamic law and that judging by the hadith on matters of religion constitutes shirk and renders one kafir. 

Short version:

Proof the Hadith is Not Valid Islamic Law

Long version:

http://uncorruptedislam.com/analysis-validity-prophet-muhammad-hadith.html

Conclusion

The Quranic proofs and logical arguments above make it clear that descendants of the prophet Muhammad are not superior in any way, shape or form compared to the rest of mankind. This conclusion is pretty obvious in non-Islamic Western countries but unfortunately, many people in Islamic countries are too ignorant and in denial of this, possibly due to their attitude that tradition must be correct even if it defies logic. Perhaps they should take a step back and ponder over the following verse.

إِنَّ شَرَّ الدَّوَابِّ عِندَ اللَّهِ الصُّمُّ الْبُكْمُ الَّذِينَ لَا يَعْقِلُونَ

Indeed, the worst of living creatures in the sight of Allah are the deaf and dumb who do not use their brains to think. (8:22)

Sources: 

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba_%27Alawi_sada
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_tree_of_Muhammad 
• https://www.chabad.org/parshah/article_cdo/aid/1530929/jewish/What-Happened-to-Moses-Descendants.htm
• https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joshua

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Following is a list of names of prophets and messengers and their scriptures based on the information available in the Quran. There may be more prophets and messengers that just weren’t mentioned in the Quran.

1. Adam
   • Adam is often regarded as the first prophet but the Quran never specifically says that he was a prophet. However, the Quran in verse 3:33 does mention that Adam was special similar to Noah and Abraham.
2. Idris / Enoch
   • He was a prophet (19:56)
3. Nuh / Noah
   • He was a prophet (6:89, 4:163) and a messenger (26:107)
   • He was sent to the people of Noah (26:105)
4. Hud
   • He was a messenger (26:125)
   • He was sent to the people of Ad (7:65)
5. Saleh
   • He was a messenger (26:143)
   • He was sent to the people of Thamud (7:73)
6. Ibrahim / Abraham
   • He was a prophet (19:41, 4:163) and a messenger (9:70)
   • He was sent to the people of Abraham (22:43)
   • He was given the “Scrolls of Abraham” (87:19)
   • Ibrahim was not a Jew or a Christian (3:67)
7. Lut / Lot
   • He was a prophet (6:85-89) and a messenger (37:133)
   • He was sent to the people of Lot (7:80)
8. Ismail / Ishmael
   • He was a prophet (19:54, 4:163, 6:85-89) and a messenger (19:54)
9. Is’haq / Isaac
   • He was a prophet (19:49, 4:163)
10. Ya’kub / Jacob / Israel
    • He was a prophet (19:49, 4:163, 19:58)
11. Yusuf / Joseph
    • He was a messenger (12:50)
12. Ayyub / Job
    • He was a prophet (4:163)
13. Shuaib / Jethro
    • He was a messenger (26:178)
    • He was sent to the people of Midian (7:85)
14. Musa / Moses
    • He was a prophet (19:51) and a messenger (19:51)
    • He was sent to Pharoah and his establishment (43:46)
    • He was given the Torah (53:36)
15. Harun / Aaron
    • He was a prophet (19:53, 4:163)
16. Dhul-Kifl / Ezekiel
    • He was a prophet (21:85-86 chapter of the “prophets”)
17. Dawud / David
    • He was a prophet (17:55, 4:163) and a messenger (4:163)
    • He was given the Zabur (Psalms) (17:55)
18. Sulaiman / Solomon
    • He was a messenger (4:163)
19. Ilyas / Elijah
    • He was a messenger (37:123, 6:85-89)
    • He was sent to the people of Ilyas (37:124)
20. Al Yasa / Elisha
    • He was a messenger (6:85-89)
21. Yunus / Jonah
    • He was a prophet (6:85-89, 4:163) and a messenger (37:139)
    • He was sent to the people of Yunus (10:98)
22. Zakariya / Zechariah
    • He was a prophet (6:85-89)
23. Yahya / John
    • He was a prophet (3:39, 6:85-89)
24. Isa / Jesus / The Messiah
    • He was a prophet (19:30, 4:163, 6:85-89) and a messenger (4:171)
    • He was sent to the Children of Israel (61:6)
    • He was given the Injil (Gospel) (57:27)
    • His other name was The Messiah (3:45)
25. Muhammad / Ahmad
    • He was a prophet (33:40) and a messenger (33:40)
    • He was sent to the Arabs (42:7) for all of mankind (7:158)
    • His other name was “Ahmad” (61:6)
    • He was given the Quran (42:7)
    • The Quran was revealed in Arabic
      1. because God wanted to make it easy for Muhammad as an Arabic speaker (19:97)
      2. so that Muhammad could warn his local community of Arabs (42:7)
      3. because if it was in another language, the local Arabs would not believe in it (41:44)
    • The Arabic Quran was revealed to Arabs because if it was revealed to non-Arabs, they would not have believed in it (26:198-199)

Prophets and messengers are not the same thing

This is proven based on the wording used in verse 22:52.

وَمَا أَرْسَلْنَا مِن قَبْلِكَ مِن رَّسُولٍ وَلَا نَبِيٍّ …

And We did not send before you any messenger or prophet … (22:52)

What is a prophet?

In verse 2:213, it’s clear that prophets were given scriptures (books). Similar verses are 6:89, 3:79, and 3:81.

كَانَ النَّاسُ أُمَّةً وَاحِدَةً فَبَعَثَ اللَّهُ النَّبِيِّينَ مُبَشِّرِينَ وَمُنذِرِينَ وَأَنزَلَ مَعَهُمُ الْكِتَابَ بِالْحَقِّ لِيَحْكُمَ بَيْنَ النَّاسِ فِيمَا اخْتَلَفُوا فِيهِ …

Mankind was [of] one religion [before their deviation]; then God sent the prophets as bringers of good tidings and warners and sent down with them the Scripture in truth to judge between the people concerning that in which they differed. … (22:52)

What is a messenger?

By definition, a messenger is someone who brings or shares a “message”. In the context of the Quran, a messenger shares or relates the message of the Quran.

The role of a messenger

According to verse 6:48, a messenger’s job is to only “give good news” and to “warn”.

وَمَا نُرْسِلُ الْمُرْسَلِينَ إِلَّا مُبَشِّرِينَ وَمُنذِرِينَ ۖ فَمَنْ آمَنَ وَأَصْلَحَ فَلَا خَوْفٌ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلَا هُمْ يَحْزَنُونَ

And We send not the messengers except as bringers of good tidings and warners. So whoever believes and reforms – there will be no fear concerning them, nor will they grieve. (14:4)

Each messenger was given the same message

The message that was revealed before the Quran is the same as what was revealed in the Quran. This is proven in verse 41:43.

مَّا يُقَالُ لَكَ إِلَّا مَا قَدْ قِيلَ لِلرُّسُلِ مِن قَبْلِكَ ۚ إِنَّ رَبَّكَ لَذُو مَغْفِرَةٍ وَذُو عِقَابٍ أَلِيمٍ

Nothing is said to you, [O Muhammad], except what was already said to the messengers before you. Indeed, your Lord is a possessor of forgiveness and a possessor of painful penalty. (41:43)

Each messenger received a revelation to worship the one God

وَمَا أَرْسَلْنَا مِن قَبْلِكَ مِن رَّسُولٍ إِلَّا نُوحِي إِلَيْهِ أَنَّهُ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا أَنَا فَاعْبُدُونِ

And We sent not before you any messenger except that We revealed to him that, “There is no deity except Me, so worship Me.” (21:25)

A messenger was sent to every community

Verse 16:36 indicates that messengers are sent to every community / nation. Since new communities / nations existed after Muhammad’s time, then there must be messengers after Muhammad died.

وَلَقَدْ بَعَثْنَا فِي كُلِّ أُمَّةٍ رَّسُولًا أَنِ اعْبُدُوا اللَّهَ وَاجْتَنِبُوا الطَّاغُوتَ

And We certainly sent into every nation a messenger, [saying], “Worship God and avoid Taghut.” (16:36 part)

Each messenger spoke the language of his people

Verse 14:4 indicates that a messenger speaks the language of his people. Prophet Muhammad only spoke Arabic and he was sent as a messenger for his Arabic-speaking people. Since there are many other languages besides Arabic, there must be many other messengers besides Muhammad, both before and after Muhammad died.

وَمَا أَرْسَلْنَا مِن رَّسُولٍ إِلَّا بِلِسَانِ قَوْمِهِ لِيُبَيِّنَ لَهُمْ

And We did not send any messenger but with the language of his people, so that he might explain to them clearly; …. (14:4)

Messengers relate God’s verses

In verse 7:35, God tells the Children of Adam (all of mankind) that there will be multiple messengers from among humans rehearsing God’s verses. There is no mention of an end of the messengers. Therefore, certain people who rehearse God’s verses after prophet Muhammad died can be a messenger.

يَا بَنِي آدَمَ إِمَّا يَأْتِيَنَّكُمْ رُسُلٌ مِّنكُمْ يَقُصُّونَ عَلَيْكُمْ آيَاتِي ۙ فَمَنِ اتَّقَىٰ وَأَصْلَحَ فَلَا خَوْفٌ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلَا هُمْ يَحْزَنُونَ

O children of Adam, if there come to you messengers from among you relating to you My verses, then whoever fears God and reforms – there will be no fear concerning them, nor will they grieve. (23:51)

God gave some messengers higher ranks over others

تِلْكَ الرُّسُلُ فَضَّلْنَا بَعْضَهُمْ عَلَىٰ بَعْضٍ ۘ مِّنْهُم مَّن كَلَّمَ اللَّهُ ۖ وَرَفَعَ بَعْضَهُمْ دَرَجَاتٍ ۚ وَآتَيْنَا عِيسَى ابْنَ مَرْيَمَ الْبَيِّنَاتِ وَأَيَّدْنَاهُ بِرُوحِ الْقُدُسِ …

We have made some of these messengers to excel the others among them are they to whom God spoke, and some of them He exalted by rank / degrees; and We gave clear miracles to Jesus son of Mary, and strengthened him with the Holy spirit. … (2:253)

وَرَبُّكَ أَعْلَمُ بِمَن فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ ۗ وَلَقَدْ فَضَّلْنَا بَعْضَ النَّبِيِّينَ عَلَىٰ بَعْضٍ ۖ وَآتَيْنَا دَاوُودَ زَبُورًا

And We have made some of the prophets exceed others [in various ways], and to David We gave the book [of Psalms]. (17:55)

Believers in God and His messengers must consider all messengers equal

Christians celebrate Prophet Jesus’ birthday and they consider him superior to all other prophets. Likewise, some of today’s Submitters (Muslims) celebrate Prophet Muhammad’s birthday and almost all Submitters (Muslims) consider Muhammad superior to all other prophets. Although God favored some messengers over others, God expects everyone to see all messengers as equal including Prophet Abraham, Moses, Jesus and Muhammad.

قُولُوا آمَنَّا بِاللَّهِ وَمَا أُنزِلَ إِلَيْنَا وَمَا أُنزِلَ إِلَىٰ إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَإِسْمَاعِيلَ وَإِسحَاقَ وَيَعْقُوبَ وَالْأَسْبَاطِ وَمَا أُوتِيَ مُوسَىٰ وَعِيسَىٰ وَمَا أُوتِيَ النَّبِيُّونَ مِن رَّبِّهِمْ لَا نُفَرِّقُ بَيْنَ أَحَدٍ مِّنْهُمْ وَنَحْنُ لَهُ مُسْلِمُونَ

Say: We believe in God and that which had been revealed to us, and that which was revealed to Abraham and Ishmael and Isaac and Jacob and the tribes, and that which was given to Moses and Jesus, and that which was given to the prophets from their Lord, we do not make any distinction between any of them, and we are Muslims [in submission] to Him. (2:136)

Related verses: 2:285, 3:84, 4:152, 17:55

Multiple messengers have existed at the same time for the same community

In Quran verse 36:14, God sent two messengers to a town but people denied them so He sent a third messenger to strengthen them. The three messengers coexisted and worked together.

إِذْ أَرْسَلْنَا إِلَيْهِمُ اثْنَيْنِ فَكَذَّبُوهُمَا فَعَزَّزْنَا بِثَالِثٍ فَقَالُوا إِنَّا إِلَيْكُم مُّرْسَلُونَ

When We sent to them two but they denied them, so We strengthened them with a third, and they said, “Indeed, we are messengers to you.” (36:14)

We also see plurality of messengers who came to other communities / nations.

“The people of Noah rejected the messengers” (26:105) “The Ad (people) rejected the messengers” (26:123) “The Thamud (people) rejected the messengers” (26:141) “The people of Lut rejected the messengers” (26:160)

The Quran is the last book of God and Muhammad is the last prophet

Scriptures are only given to prophets. Since Muhammad is the last prophet, the Quran is the last scripture.

مَّا كَانَ مُحَمَّدٌ أَبَا أَحَدٍ مِّن رِّجَالِكُمْ وَلَٰكِن رَّسُولَ اللَّهِ وَخَاتَمَ النَّبِيِّينَ ۗ وَكَانَ اللَّهُ بِكُلِّ شَيْءٍ عَلِيمًا

Muhammad is not the father of [any] one of your men, but [he is] the Messenger of Allah and last of the prophets. And ever is Allah, of all things, Knowing. (33:40)

Conclusion

Based on the analysis above, we can summarize as follows:

• A prophet is shares good news, warns, and is given a book (scripture)
• A messenger only shares good news and warns by relating verses in books (scriptures) given to prophets
• Muhammad is the last prophet
• Multiple messengers can exist for any given community / nation both before, during, and after Muhammad’s time

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• Proof That the Quran Is Complete and That the Hadith Books Are Not Needed
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• إثبات أن الحديث ليس شرعاً إسلامياً صالحاً
• إثبات أن النساء المسلمات لسن بحاجة لتغطية شعرهم
• Bukti Hadits Tidak Valid Hukum Islam
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• Bukti Wanita Muslim Tidak Harus Menutup Rambutnya Dengan Hijab

God’s name

“Allah” is not the universal name of God. “Allah” is a word in Arabic that means “God.” Therefore, Arabic-speaking Jews and Christians also call God “Allah.” For example, they would say “Insha Allah” which means “God willing” even though they are Jewish or Christian. The Quran refers to God as “Allah” because the Quran is in Arabic. Logically, therefore, if the Quran were revealed in English, Allah would be called “God” and if the Quran were revealed in Indonesian, Allah would be called “Tuhan”, which is simply the Indonesian translation of the word “Allah.” However, translators of the Quran, for some reason, only translate all other Arabic words in the Quran and not the word “Allah”.

El, Yahweh, Allah

Prophets Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob knew God as “El”. Prophet Moses knew God as “Yahweh”. Prophet Muhammad knew God as “Allah”

“And God spoke to Moses and said to him, I am the Lord (Hebrew: Yahweh) and I appeared to Abraham, to Isaac and to Jacob as God Almighty (Hebrew: ‘El Shaddai’) but I was not known to them by my name ‘Yahweh'” (Exodus 6.2-3)

You can call God by any good name

قُلِ ادْعُوا اللَّهَ أَوِ ادْعُوا الرَّحْمَٰنَ ۖ أَيًّا مَّا تَدْعُوا فَلَهُ الْأَسْمَاءُ الْحُسْنَىٰ

“Say: “Call upon Allah, or call upon Rahman: by whatever name you call upon Him, (it is well): for to Him belong the most beautiful names. ….” (17:110 part)

Conclusion

God’s name is ALL good names. So, if you are speaking a language other than Arabic, you don’t have to refer to God as Allah. You can just say whatever the translation of the word “God” is in the language you are speaking.

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• Lailat Al-Qadr Is Not What You Think It Is
• Most Muslims Start & End Fasting At the Wrong Time
• Islamic Misconceptions About the Call to Prayer (Adhaan)
• Most Muslims Are Wrong About Various Aspects of Prayer
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• Muslims Don’t Need to Perform Ablution (Wudhu) Before Touching the Quran
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• Proof That the Quran Is Complete and That the Hadith Books Are Not Needed
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Banyak Muslim percaya bahwa wanita Muslim harus menutupi rambut mereka. Berikut adalah analisis mendalam yang membuktikan bahwa menurut Al-Qur’an, wanita tidak harus menutupi rambutnya.

Tidak ada kewajiban hijab pra-1970 di Arab Saudi

Sebelum kita menganalisis Al-Qur’an, penting untuk diketahui bahwa hijab sebagai pakaian wajib bagi perempuan di Arab Saudi itu relatif baru. Arab Saudi dikenal luas karena memberlakukan persyaratan hijab yang ketat, termasuk di kalangan turis. Tetapi rekaman video sejarah dari tahun 1970-an mengungkapkan bahwa wanita Saudi sebelumnya tidak diharuskan mengenakan hijab. Klip video berikut diambil dari film dokumenter PBS Frontline tahun 2004 berjudul “The House of Saud” (Rumah Saud) pada timestamp 37:24. Klip ini menunjukkan seorang wanita guru sekolah dan banyak gadis sekolah. Tidak ada satu pun yang menutupi rambutnya. Mereka bahkan tidak mengenakan jubah hitam panjang (abaya). Sebaliknya, mereka mengenakan kemeja biasa.

Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa kewajiban mengenakan hijab pasti menjadi kewajiban setelah tahun 1970-an.

Orang Saudi sangat bangga dengan tradisi mereka, dan banyak tradisi lama yang masih dipraktikkan hingga hari ini. Misalnya, pria Saudi telah mengenakan pakaian panjang dan longgar yang dikenal sebagai “thobe” selama minimum satu abad. Mereka juga menutupi kepala/rambut mereka, bukan karena diwajibkan oleh hukum Islam, tetapi mungkin karena itulah yang wajar dilakukan dilokasi beriklim panas yang terik.

Jika perempuan Saudi secara tradisional mengenakan hijab, maka tentunya tradisi itu akan terus dilakukan oleh para gadis sekolah di tahun 70-an. Oleh karena itu tidak terbayangkan untuk percaya bahwa mengenakan hijab sekarang merupakan mandat Islam jika tidak dipraktikkan atau diwajibkan di Arab Saudi yang ultra-ortodoks dan sangat tradisional selama kurang lebih 1300 tahun sejak masa Nabi Muhammad hingga tahun 1970-an.

Hijab

Banyak Muslim menyebut penutup kepala wanita sebagai “hijab”. Kata “hijab” tidak pernah disebutkan dalam Al-Qur’an sebagai penutup kepala. Berikut ini adalah semua referensi tentang kata “hijab” dalam Al-Qur’an dan artinya.

• Untuk menandakan tabir antara penghuni surga dan penghuni neraka (7:46)
• Tabir pemisah antara orang-orang yang tidak percaya dengan akhirat (17:45)
• Pemisahan / pengasingan / layar yang diperkenalkan Maryam antara dirinya dan masyarakatnya (19:17)
• Referensi pada Nabi Sulaiman (saw) dan dalam kaitannya dengan narasi mengenai kuda-kudanya (38:32)
• Untuk menandakan pencekalan yang akan dialami para pelanggar dari Tuhan mereka pada hari kiamat (83:15)
• Untuk menandakan pemisahan istri-istri Nabi (33:53)
• Klaim orang-orang kafir untuk menandakan tabir antara apa yang mereka yakini dan apa yang Nabi serukan kepada mereka (41.5)
• Tabir yang digunakan Allah untuk berbicara kepada umat manusia (42:51)

Referensi di atas juga tersedia di http://corpus.quran.com/qurandictionary.jsp?q=Hjb#(7:46:2)

Ayat 24:31

Ayat yang kebanyakan Muslim gunakan untuk mengklaim kewajiban bagi wanita untuk menutupi rambut mereka adalah ayat 24:31.

وَقُل لِّلْمُؤْمِنَـٰتِ يَغْضُضْنَ مِنْ أَبْصَـٰرِهِنَّ وَيَحْفَظْنَ فُرُوجَهُنَّ وَلَا يُبْدِينَ زِينَتَهُنَّ إِلَّا مَا ظَهَرَ مِنْهَا ۖ وَلْيَضْرِبْنَ بِخُمُرِهِنَّ عَلَىٰ جُيُوبِهِنَّ ۖ وَلَا يُبْدِينَ زِينَتَهُنَّ إِلَّا لِبُعُولَتِهِنَّ أَوْ ءَابَآئِهِنَّ أَوْ ءَابَآءِ بُعُولَتِهِنَّ أَوْ أَبْنَآئِهِنَّ أَوْ أَبْنَآءِ بُعُولَتِهِنَّ أَوْ إِخْوَٰنِهِنَّ أَوْ بَنِىٓ إِخْوَٰنِهِنَّ أَوْ بَنِىٓ أَخَوَٰتِهِنَّ أَوْ نِسَآئِهِنَّ أَوْ مَا مَلَكَتْ أَيْمَـٰنُهُنَّ أَوِ ٱلتَّـٰبِعِينَ غَيْرِ أُو۟لِى ٱلْإِرْبَةِ مِنَ ٱلرِّجَالِ أَوِ ٱلطِّفْلِ ٱلَّذِينَ لَمْ يَظْهَرُوا۟ عَلَىٰ عَوْرَٰتِ ٱلنِّسَآءِ ۖ وَلَا يَضْرِبْنَ بِأَرْجُلِهِنَّ لِيُعْلَمَ مَا يُخْفِينَ مِن زِينَتِهِنَّ ۚ وَتُوبُوٓا۟ إِلَى ٱللَّهِ جَمِيعًا أَيُّهَ ٱلْمُؤْمِنُونَ لَعَلَّكُمْ تُفْلِحُونَ

Dan katakanlah kepada wanita yang beriman agar mereka menundukkan pandangan dan menjaga alat kelaminnya (Arab: furujahunna); bahwa mereka tidak boleh menampilkan hiasan mereka (Arab: Zeenatahunna) kecuali apa yang tampak darinya (ma zahara minha) dan biarkan mereka menarik penutup kepala mereka (Arab: Bi’khumurihinna) di atas dada mereka (Arab: Jayubihin) dan tidak untuk menampilkan perhiasan mereka (Arab: Zeenatahunna) kecuali untuk suami mereka, ayah mereka, ayah suami mereka, putra mereka, putra suami mereka, saudara laki-laki mereka atau putra saudara laki-laki mereka, atau putra saudara perempuan mereka, atau wanita mereka, atau budak yang dimiliki tangan kanan mereka, atau pelayan laki-laki yang bebas dari kebutuhan fisik, atau anak kecil yang tidak memiliki rasa malu; dan agar mereka tidak menghentakkan kaki untuk menarik perhatian pada perhiasan tersembunyi mereka. Dan hai orang-orang yang beriman! Arahkan kamu semua bersama-sama menuju Tuhan, agar kamu dapat mencapai Kebahagiaan. (24:31)

Mari kita analisa ayat ini dengan membaginya menjadi 4 bagian.

Dan katakanlah kepada wanita-wanita yang beriman…

1. untuk tidak menampilkan perhiasan mereka (Arab: Zeenatahunna زِينَتَهُنَّ)
2. kecuali yang tampak darinya (Arab: illa ma zahara minha إِلَّا مَا ظَهَرَ مِنْهَا)
3. dan biarkan mereka menarik penutup kepala mereka (Arab: Bi’khumurihinna بِخُمُرِهِنَّ) di atas dada mereka (Arab: Juyubihinna جُيُوبِهِ)
4. dan tidak menampilkan perhiasan mereka (Arab: Zeenatahunna زِينَتَهُنَّ) kecuali kepada suami mereka, ayah mereka,…

Konteks

Untuk memahami ayat ini secara benar, kita harus memahami konteksnya. Konteks ayat ini jelas berkaitan dengan dandanan/kecantikan wanita yang ayat tersebut menyuruh wanita untuk tidak dipajang. Kata Arab untuk “hiasan mereka” adalah Zeenatahunna (زِينَتَهُنَّ). Kata ini bahkan di sebut dua kali dalam ayat ini. Secara umum, ayat tersebut melarang wanita memamerkan kecantikannya. Alasannya kemungkinan besar terkait dengan ayat 33:59 yang memerintahkan wanita untuk mengenakan pakaian luar agar tidak diganggu karena mengenakan pakaian luar membantu menyembunyikan kecantikan wanita.

Berikut adalah penjelasan dari kata-kata kunci dalam ayat tersebut.

zeenatahunna (زِينَتَهُنَّ)

Kata zeenatahunna berasal dari akar huruf ZAY-YA-NUN. Menurut kamus Edward Lane, kata ini dengan jelas menunjukkan bahwa zeenatahunna merujuk pada tata rias, mempercantik diri, atau dandanan sedemikian rupa sehingga dapat menimbulkan daya tarik.

illa ma zahara minha (إِلَّا مَا ظَهَرَ مِنْهَا)

Kata2 ini berarti “kecuali yang tampak darinya” yang mana “nya” mengacu pada perhiasan/keindahan (Arab: zeenah).

bi’khumurihinna (بِخُمُرِهِنَّ)

Kata ini berarti “dengan penutupnya”. Kata “khimaar” (jamak: khumur) berarti penutup , sebagaimana ditunjukkan dalam kamus Edward Lane.

Apa pun yang menutupi sesuatu adalah penutup. Penutup kepala adalah salah satu jenis khimaar karena menutupi kepala. Ini berlaku untuk pria dan wanita. Misalnya, di iklim panas seperti di Timur Tengah, Anda melihat pria menutupi kepala karena kepanasan. Di AS, orang biasanya hanya memakai topi jika di luar panas. Dalam konteks ayat 24:31 di atas, kata ini berarti penutup kepala.

juyubihinna (جُيُوبِهِ)

Kata juyubihinna berasal dari akar huruf JIM-YA-BA. Menurut kamus Edward Lane, dalam konteks Alquran ayat 24:31 di atas, kata itu berarti dada and payudara.

Penjelasan ayat 24:31

Sekarang setelah kita memahami kata kuncinya, kita dapat menjelaskan apa yang dikatakan ayat di atas.

1. Bagian 1 menyuruh wanita untuk tidak mempertontonkan dandanan/kecantikannya
2. Bagian 2 mengecualikan dandanan/keindahan yang tampak secara wajar, mis. wajah cantik, mata, dll.
3. Bagian 3 memberitahu wanita untuk menutupi payudara mereka. Bagian ini muncul setelah bagian 2 karena memperjelas bahwa payudara tidak termasuk dalam pengecualian dalam bagian 2 di atas. Dan meskipun ayat tersebut menyuruh wanita untuk menarik penutup kepala mereka untuk menutupi dada mereka, itu tidak berarti bahwa wanita harus menutupi kepala atau rambut mereka dengan penutup kepala. Ketika ayat ini diturunkan, kemungkinan besar pria dan wanita menutupi rambut mereka karena Arab adalah tempat yang sangat panas secara alami.
4. Bagian 4 kemudian menyuruh wanita untuk tidak mempertontonkan dandanan/kecantikannya kecuali kepada kerabat tertentu.

Apakah ayat ini mewajibkan wanita untuk menutupi rambut mereka?

Tidak. Ayat ini bahkan tidak menyebutkan kata “rambut” sama sekali. Jika Tuhan benar-benar ingin wanita menutupi rambut mereka, Dia bisa saja berkata “dan biarkan mereka menarik penutup kepala mereka ke atas rambut dan dada mereka”, tetapi Dia tidak mengatakan itu.

Apakah ayat ini mewajibkan wanita untuk menutupi kepala mereka?

Tidak. Yang dimaksud dengan “penutup kepala” bukanlah perintah untuk menutupi kepala. Karena penutup kepala sudah umum dipakai di Arab ketika ayat itu diturunkan, ayat tersebut menunjukkan bahwa menutupi dada dapat dilakukan dengan menarik penutup kepala yang panjang hingga menutupi dada. Tentu saja, saat ini, kemeja atau baju jauh lebih efektif daripada hijab untuk menutupi payudara.

Penutup kepala untuk melindungi dari panas

Sebagian orang mungkin berpendapat bahwa penutup kepala (bahasa Arab: khimaar) yang digunakan di Arab ketika ayat tersebut diturunkan tidak dimaksudkan untuk melindungi manusia dari panas tetapi lebih khusus untuk menyembunyikan rambut perempuan dari laki-laki. Argumen ini tampaknya tidak valid karena ayat 16:81 menunjukkan bahwa Tuhan menciptakan pakaian untuk melindungi manusia (baik pria maupun wanita) dari panas.

وَاللَّهُ جَعَلَ لَكُم مِّمَّا خَلَقَ ظِلَالًا وَجَعَلَ لَكُم مِّنَ الْجِبَالِ أَكْنَانًا وَجَعَلَ لَكُمْ سَرَابِيلَ تَقِيكُمُ الْحَرَّ وَسَرَابِيلَ تَقِيكُم بَأْسَكُمْ …

Dan Tuhan telah membuat untukmu, dari apa yang telah Dia ciptakan, bayangan dan telah dibuat untukmu dari gunung, tempat berlindung dan telah membuat untukmu pakaian yang melindungimu dari panas dan pakaian yang melindungimu dari [musuh dalam] pertempuran Anda. … (16:81)

Referensi pertama untuk “pakaian” dalam ayat di atas pasti mengacu pada penutup kepala karena jika di luar panas, orang di seluruh dunia akan menutupi kepala mereka. Pakaian jenis lain (mis. kemeja, celana, dll), tidak melindungi orang dari panas tetapi justru membuat mereka merasa lebih panas.

Perhatikan juga bahwa kata Arab yang digunakan untuk “pakaian” adalah “sarabeel”. Menurut kamus Edward Lane, kata itu berarti “segala sesuatu yang dikenakan” maka penutup kepala termasuk dalam kategori tersebut.

Penutup kepala untuk melindungi dari gangguan

Beberapa orang mungkin berpendapat bahwa penutup kepala (bahasa Arab: khimaar) diperlukan bagi perempuan untuk melindungi diri dari gangguan atau dari rayuan seksual yang tidak diinginkan dari laki-laki. Pertama-tama, tidak ada ayat dalam Al-Qur’an yang mengatakan bahwa penutup kepala itu sendiri adalah untuk melindungi perempuan dari gangguan (ayat 33:59 menyebutkan pakaian luar, bukan penutup kepala, untuk menghindari dari gangguan). Kedua, wanita sama tertariknya dengan pria, bukan hanya pria saja yang bisa merasa tertarik dengan wanita. Wanita juga bisa menggangu pria. Hal ini bahkan dibuktikan dalam Al-Qur’an ayat 12:23 di mana istri majikan Nabi Yusuf berusaha merayunya.

وَرَاوَدَتْهُ الَّتِي هُوَ فِي بَيْتِهَا عَن نَّفْسِهِ وَغَلَّقَتِ الْأَبْوَابَ وَقَالَتْ هَيْتَ لَكَ ۚ قَالَ مَعَاذَ اللَّهِ ۖ إِنَّهُ رَبِّي أَحْسَنَ مَثْوَايَ ۖ إِنَّهُ لَا يُفْلِحُ الظَّالِمُونَ

Dan dia (istri majikannya Nabi Yusuf) … berusaha merayunya (nabi Yusuf). Dia menutup pintu dan berkata, “Ayo, kamu.” Dia (nabi Yusuf) berkata, “[Aku mencari] perlindungan Allah . Sungguh, Dia adalah tuanku, yang telah memperbaiki tempat tinggalku. Sungguh, orang yang zalim tidak akan berhasil.” (12:23)

Dalam ayat 12:32, kita melihat bukti lebih lanjut bahwa istri majikan nabi Yusuf merayu nabi Yusuf dan bahkan menggangu / melecehkan dan memerasnya karena nabi Yusuf menolaknya.

قَالَتْ فَذَٰلِكُنَّ الَّذِي لُمْتُنَّنِي فِيهِ ۖ وَلَقَدْ رَاوَدتُّهُ عَن نَّفْسِهِ فَاسْتَعْصَمَ ۖ وَلَئِن لَّمْ يَفْعَلْ مَا آمُرُهُ لَيُسْجَنَنَّ وَلَيَكُونًا مِّنَ الصَّاغِرِينَ

Dia (istri majikannya Nabi Yusuf) berkata, “Itu adalah orang yang kamu salahkan padaku. Dan aku tentunya berusaha merayunya, tetapi dia (Nabi Yusuf) dengan tegas menolak; dan jika dia (Nabi Yusuf) tidak melakukan apa yang aku perintahkan, dia pasti akan dipenjara dan akan termasuk orang yang direndahkan.” (12:32)

Kenyataannya, bukan hanya istri majikan Nabi Yusuf yang merayu, melecehkan, dan memeras Nabi Yusuf, bahkan menurut ayat 12:26-29, dia melakukan kekerasan dan merobek baju Yusuf.

قَالَ هِىَ رَٰوَدَتْنِى عَن نَّفْسِى ۚ وَشَهِدَ شَاهِدٌ مِّنْ أَهْلِهَآ إِن كَانَ قَمِيصُهُۥ قُدَّ مِن قُبُلٍ فَصَدَقَتْ وَهُوَ مِنَ ٱلْكَـٰذِبِينَ وَإِن كَانَ قَمِيصُهُۥ قُدَّ مِن دُبُرٍ فَكَذَبَتْ وَهُوَ مِنَ ٱلصَّـٰدِقِينَ يُوسُفُ أَعْرِضْ عَنْ هَـٰذَا ۚ وَٱسْتَغْفِرِى لِذَنۢبِكِ ۖ إِنَّكِ كُنتِ مِنَ ٱلْخَاطِـِٔينَ ۞ وَقَالَ نِسْوَةٌ فِى ٱلْمَدِينَةِ ٱمْرَأَتُ ٱلْعَزِيزِ تُرَٰوِدُ فَتَىٰهَا عَن نَّفْسِهِۦ ۖ قَدْ شَغَفَهَا حُبًّا ۖ إِنَّا لَنَرَىٰهَا فِى ضَلَـٰلٍ مُّبِينٍ

[Yusuf] berkata, “Dialah yang berusaha merayuku.” Dan seorang saksi dari keluarganya bersaksi, “Jika bajunya (Nabi Yusuf) robek dari depan, maka dia (istri majikannya Nabi Yusuf) telah mengatakan yang sebenarnya, dan dia (Yusuf) termasuk pendusta. Tetapi jika bajunya (Yusuf) robek dari belakang, maka dia (istri majikannya Nabi Yusuf) telah berbohong, dan dia (Yusuf) termasuk orang-orang yang benar.” Jadi ketika dia [suaminya] melihat kemejanya (Yusuf) robek dari belakang, dia berkata, “Memang, ini adalah rencanamu [yaitu, wanita]. Memang, rencanamu hebat [yaitu, berapi-api]. Dan para wanita di kota itu berkata, “Istri al-ʿAzeez berusaha merayu budak laki-lakinya (Yusuf); dia telah membuatnya bergairah dengan cinta. Memang, kami melihatnya (istri majikannya Nabi Yusuf) jelas salah.” (12:26-29)

Sekarang sudah jelas dari Al-Qur’an bahwa ketertarikan dan gangguan seksual dapat berjalan dua arah. Mempertimbangkan fakta ini dan argumen bahwa perempuan harus menutupi rambutnya agar tidak diganggu oleh laki-laki, maka seharusnya laki-laki juga harus menutupi rambutnya agar tidak diganggu oleh perempuan. Jelas, tidak ada persyaratan seperti itu dalam Al-Qur’an dan tidak ada yang berpikir bahwa laki-laki perlu menutupi rambut mereka karena alasan ini. Oleh karena itu, argumen bahwa perempuan harus menutup rambutnya agar tidak diganggu adalah tidak sahih dan tidak didukung oleh Al-Qur’an.

Rambut sebagai hiasan

Sebagian orang akan berpendapat bahwa rambut wanita adalah perhiasan dan karena itu tidak boleh diperlihatkan menurut bagian 1 diatas. Argumen ini tidak sah karena

1. Kecantikan alami rambut seseorang sama dengan kecantikan alami wajah seseorang dan karenanya dikecualikan menurut bagian 2 diatas.
2. Tidak masuk akal untuk menganggap rambut berada dalam kategori yang sama dengan payudara karena pria juga memiliki rambut yang bisa menjadi daya tarik bagi wanita.
3. Tidak semua wanita memiliki rambut yang indah. Beberapa wanita memiliki rambut yang tidak menarik. Bagi mereka, menutupi rambut justru membuat mereka lebih cantik. Oleh karena itu, kita tidak bisa menganggap bahwa rambut adalah “hiasan” (زينة).

Rambut sebagai aurat

Banyak Muslim akan membuat argumen tanpa bukti bahwa rambut wanita saja, bukan rambut pria, termasuk “aurat”, dan karena itu harus ditutupi.

Dalam ayat 7:26, kita membaca bahwa Allah menciptakan pakaian bagi manusia (baik laki-laki maupun perempuan) untuk menutupi aurat/kemaluan yang jika diperlihatkan akan menimbulkan rasa malu. Kebanyakan orang akan setuju bahwa rambut wanita 1) bukan alat kelamin, 2) bukan penyebab rasa malu atau bagian pribadi seperti payudara. Terlepas dari ini, Tuhan mengatakan bahwa bagaimanapun kamu memilih untuk menutupi tubuhmu dengan pakaian, yang paling penting adalah kamu berperilaku benar.

يَا بَنِي آدَمَ قَدْ أَنزَلْنَا عَلَيْكُمْ لِبَاسًا يُوَارِي سَوْآتِكُمْ وَرِيشًا ۖ وَلِبَاسُ التَّقْوَىٰ ذَٰلِكَ خَيْرٌ…

Wahai anak Adam, Kami telah menganugerahkan kepadamu pakaian untuk menyembunyikan aurat/kemaluanmu (Arab: saw-ah) dan sebagai perhiasan (Arab: reesha). Tapi pakaian kesolehan (maksudnya berperilaku baik/benar) – itu yang terbaik. …(7:26)

Perhatikan bahwa menurut kamus Edward Lane, definisi سَوْآتِكُمْ adalah

• aurat (عَوْرَة)
• “pudendam” (alat kelamin)
• “bagian luar dari organ generasi” (bagian reproduksi)
• “anus” (dubur)
• bagian yang, jika diekspos, merupakan penyebab “malu”

Perhatikan pada tangkapan layar (screenshot) di atas saya menyorot kata “au-rat” (عَوْرَة). Ini adalah sinonim untuk “saw-ah” (سَوْءَةٌ).

Anda mungkin bertanya-tanya mengapa Tuhan perlu memberi tahu orang-orang bahwa Dia menciptakan pakaian agar manusia dapat menutupi aurat mereka dan bahwa wanita juga harus menutupi dada mereka. Gunanya pakaian mungkin tampak jelas bagi kebanyakan orang jaman sekarang, tetapi perlu diingat bahwa bahkan hari ini, masih ada suku di banyak tempat di dunia yang orangnya tidak mengenakan pakaian. Misalnya, orang-orang Koma di Nigeria percaya bahwa jika wanita mengenakan pakaian, mereka akan menimbulkan murka para tuhan2 yang dapat menyebabkan kematian atau kemandulan. Kepercayaan ini sama tidak masuk akalnya dengan kepercayaan bahwa rambut wanita, tetapi bukan rambut pria, termasuk di antara bagian-bagian pribadi (aurat) mereka.

Pakaian kesolehan

Ayat 7:26 diatas menyatakan bahwa pakaian kesolehan adalah jenis pakaian yang paling baik. Jadi apakah kesolehan itu? Jawabannya dapat ditemukan dalam Quran ayat 2:177 di bawah ini.

لَّيْسَ الْبِرَّ أَن تُوَلُّوا وُجُوهَكُمْ قِبَلَ الْمَشْرِقِ وَالْمَغْرِبِ وَلَٰكِنَّ الْبِرَّ مَنْ آمَنَ بِاللَّهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ وَالْمَلَائِكَةِ وَالْكِتَابِ وَالنَّبِيِّينَ وَآتَى الْمَالَ عَلَىٰ حُبِّهِ ذَوِي الْقُرْبَىٰ وَالْيَتَامَىٰ وَالْمَسَاكِينَ وَابْنَ السَّبِيلِ وَالسَّائِلِينَ وَفِي الرِّقَابِ وَأَقَامَ الصَّلَاةَ وَآتَى الزَّكَاةَ وَالْمُوفُونَ بِعَهْدِهِمْ إِذَا عَاهَدُوا ۖ وَالصَّابِرِينَ فِي الْبَأْسَاءِ وَالضَّرَّاءِ وَحِينَ الْبَأْسِ ۗ أُولَٰئِكَ الَّذِينَ صَدَقُوا ۖ وَأُولَٰئِكَ هُمُ الْمُتَّقُونَ

Ketakwaan/kesolehan itu bukanlah memalingkan wajahmu ke arah timur atau ke barat, tetapi ketakwaan/kesolehan [sejati] adalah pada orang yang beriman kepada Allah, Hari Akhir, para malaikat, Kitab, dan para nabi, dan memberikan kekayaannya, meskipun mereka cinta hartanya, untuk kerabat, anak yatim, orang yang membutuhkan, musafir, mereka yang meminta [bantuan], dan untuk membebaskan budak; [dan yang] mendirikan sholat dan memberikan zakat; [mereka yang] memenuhi janji mereka ketika mereka berjanji; dan [orang-orang yang] sabar dalam kemiskinan dan kesulitan dan selama pertempuran. Mereka itulah orang-orang yang benar, dan mereka itulah orang-orang yang bertaqwa/soleh. (2:177)

Perhatikan bahwa kesolehan dari sudut pandang Al-Qur’an sama sekali tidak ada hubungannya dengan jenis pakaian yang dikenakan wanita atau bagaimana mereka memakainya. Jelas, menurut Tuhan persyaratan pakaian tertentu kurang penting dibandingkan keyakinan (keimanan) kepada Tuhan, Malaikat-Nya, Kitab-Nya, Nabi-Nabi-Nya, berbagi kekayaan, berdoa, dll. Itu mungkin karena ayat-ayat yang berkaitan dengan pakaian wanita adalah anjuran bagi wanita untuk mengurangi perhatian yang tidak diinginkan atau gangguan, bukan perintah ketat yang menentukan apakah Anda akan pergi ke Neraka atau tidak.

Penutup kepala untuk identitas Muslim

Sebagian wanita akan berkomentar bahwa mengenakan hijab diperlukan atau didorong untuk mendukung identitas mereka sebagai seorang Muslim. Pertama-tama, tidak ada sesuatu yang namanya pakaian Islami dari sudut pandang Alquran. Apa yang orang sebut pakaian Islami tidak lebih dari pakaian tradisional yang biasa dipakai di negara-negara Islam. Tidak ada ayat dalam Alquran yang mengatakan bahwa wanita Muslim perlu mengidentifikasi diri mereka dengan mengenakan hijab. Disamping itu, mengenakan hijab pasti tidak meningkatkan kemungkinan Anda untuk diizinkan masuk Surga. Perhatikan, misalnya, orang-orang berikut yang disebutkan dalam Al-Qur’an. Identitas mereka sebagai istri atau keturunan nabi mungkin membuat Anda berpikir bahwa mereka pasti orang yang soleh padahal sebenarnya sebaliknya, mereka tidak soleh.

• Sebagian besar keturunan nabi Ibrahim dan nabi Nuh tidak soleh/bertaqwa. (57:26, 37:113, 2:124)
• Istri nabi Nuh dan nabi Lut, meski tinggal bersama mereka, tidak soleh/bertaqwa. (66:10)
• Putra Nabi Nuh itu berperilaku jahat. (11:46)
• Putra-putra Nabi Yakub mencoba membunuh saudara mereka, Yusuf. (11:1-18)

Sekarang, mengingat betapa jahatnya Firaun, Anda mungkin berpikir bahwa istrinya juga jahat. Ternyata, sangat menariknya dan mengherankan bahwa istri Firaun sebenarnya soleh/bertaqwa meskipun suaminya salah satu pelaku kejahatan terburuk sepanjang masa. (66:11)

Demikian pula, identitas seseorang muslimah dengan berhijab tidak ada hubungannya dengan ketakwaan dari sudut pandang Islam. Ini tidak berbeda dengan laki-laki yang berpikir mereka harus memiliki janggut panjang untuk mengidentifikasi diri mereka sebagai Muslim yang agamanya kuat. Jika memiliki janggut panjang sebenarnya membuat laki2 lebih soleh daripada orang yang tidak memiliki janggut, lalu apa yang harus dilakukan pria yang secara alami tidak memiliki janggut? Mendapatkan transplantasi rambut?

Penutup kepala untuk menjadi sederhana / rendah hati

Sebagian wanita Muslim akan berpendapat bahwa mereka memakai hijab untuk menjadi sederhana / rendah hati. Tidak ada perintah Alquran untuk berpakaian sederhana atau berperilaku sederhana / rendah hati. Jika kita melihat bagian pertama dari ayat 24:31, kita menemukan beberapa terjemahan bahasa Inggris di mana penerjemah (Pickthall dan Yusuf Ali) salah menerjemahkan artinya. Mereka mengganti “alat kelamin” dengan “kesederhanaan / rendah hati”. Semua penerjemah lainnya secara benar menggunakan istilah “alat kelamin”.

وَقُل لِّلْمُؤْمِنَـٰتِ يَغْضُضْنَ مِنْ أَبْصَـٰرِهِنَّ وَيَحْفَظْنَ فُرُوجَهُنَّ …

Terjemahan yang benar Dan katakanlah kepada wanita yang beriman agar mereka menundukkan pandangannya dan menjaga alat kelaminnya (Arab: furuujahunna)… (24:31)

Terjemahan Pickthall Dan beri tahu wanita yang beriman untuk menurunkan pandangan mereka dan menjadi sederhana / rendah hati… (24:31)

Terjemahan Yusuf Ali Dan katakanlah kepada wanita yang beriman agar mereka menundukkan pandangan dan menjaga kesederhanaan mereka … (24:31)

Jika Anda ragu tentang arti sebenarnya dari kata Arab فُرُوجَهُنَّ (furuujahunna), maka Anda dapat memverifikasi arti yang benar dalam kamus Edward Lane (tangkapan layar di bawah).

Mengatakan bahwa arti dari فُرُوجَهُنَّ (furuujahunna) adalah “kesederhanaan / rendah hati” adalah tindakan yang tidak adil terhadap Al-Qur’an dan menyebarkan kebingungan di antara umat Islam yang menganggap semua terjemahan Quran sama2 benar dan akurat.

Logikanya, menutupi rambut tidak secara otomatis membuat seseorang sederhana / rendah hati. Sebagai contoh, seseorang dapat mengenakan hijab mewah dengan berbagai hiasan seperti berlian (palsu atau tidak) dan pola emas seperti di foto di bawah ini. Itu tidak terlihat sederhana. Bahkan, itu terlihat kebalikan dari sederhana. Memang, wanita Muslim tidak berpakaian seperti itu setiap hari, tetapi banyak yang melakukannya dengan derajat yang berbeda-beda di acara-acara khusus.

Sekarang, anggaplah seseorang memakai hijab polos daripada yang mewah. Tapi, mereka juga memakai make-up untuk memperindah dan mempercantik wajah mereka. Ini sangat sering terjadi. Jika tujuan mengenakan hijab adalah untuk membuat diri mereka terlihat sederhana / rendah hati, maka mereka telah meniadakan usaha itu dengan menghabiskan banyak waktu memakai make-up, mis. pada contoh foto di bawah ini. Perhatikan bahwa memakai riasan adalah perhiasan (zeenah) yang menurut bagian 1 ayat 24:31, itu dilarang.

Jika seseorang peduli tentang kesederhanaan / rendah hati, mereka harus fokus untuk memiliki perilaku dan sikap yang sederhana / rendah hati, mis. menolak untuk mengambil pujian atas pencapaian besar, daripada salah percaya bahwa menutupi rambut mereka tiba-tiba akan membuat diri mereka sendiri dan semua orang di sekitar mereka berpikir bahwa mereka rendah hati.

Jika seseorang khawatir tentang apakah mereka boleh berpakaian menarik, maka perlu diingat bahwa menurut Quran ayat 7:26 (lihat di atas), Tuhan sebenarnya mendorong manusia untuk berpakaian menarik karena Dia secara harfiah menciptakan pakaian untuk dua tujuan:

1. untuk menutupi alat kelamin
2. sebagai perhiasan/kecantikan (Arab: رِيشًا ree-sha)

Menurut kamus Edward Lane, pengertian رِيشًا adalah pakaian yang menandakan hiasan dan kecantikan.

Jika Tuhan menciptakan pakaian agar manusia terlihat bagus, maka kalau orang dengan sengaja menolak memakai pakaian yang indah, berarti itu sama saja dengan tidak menghargai ciptaan Tuhan. Pertimbangkan Quran bab 55 yang menyebutkan banyak ciptaan Tuhan diikuti dengan pertanyaan yang berikut:

Maka nikmat Tuhanmu yang manakah yang kamu tolak?

Pertanyaan itu diulang sebanyak 31 kali, kemungkinan besar untuk menekankan bahwa kenikmatan yang Tuhan ciptakan untuk manusia harus diapresiasi / dihargai, bukan diingkari / ditolak!

Argumen hadits

Sebagian Muslim akan berpendapat bahwa di antara ribuan hadits ada pepatah yang mengharuskan wanita untuk menutupi rambut mereka. Baca bukti bahwa hadits tidak dapat digunakan sebagai hukum Islam.

Pengaruh Yahudi

Yahudi ortodoks memiliki praktik tertentu seperti sunat laki-laki, metode penyembelihan khusus untuk menghasilkan daging halal (kosher), dan “sheitel”, yang merupakan persyaratan bagi wanita yang sudah menikah untuk menutupi rambut mereka. Muslim memiliki praktik yang sangat mirip meskipun tidak disebutkan atau diwajibkan dalam Al-Qur’an. Tidak mengherankan, kitab suci Yahudi (Taurat) juga tidak mewajibkan wanita untuk menutupi rambut mereka. Sebaliknya, persyaratan Yahudi ini berasal dari sumber sekunder Yahudi (Talmud). Perhatikan bahwa kitab suci Yahudi (Taurat) seperti Kitab suci pengikut Nabi Muhammad (Alquran) sedangkan Talmud Yahudi (pengikut Nabi Musa) seperti hadits pengikut Nabi Muhammad.

Artikel ini merinci tentang praktek Yahudi dan asal-usul menutupi rambut seseorang. (bahasa Inggris)

Berdasarkan kesamaan antara agama orang Yahudi dan Islam dan fakta bahwa agama orang Yahudi datang sebelum Islam, mungkin dan masuk akal untuk percaya bahwa beberapa ahli agama Islam jaman dulu dipengaruhi oleh agama orang Yahudi untuk mengadopsi praktik-praktik Yahudi ini ke dalam Islam.

Kesimpulan

Analisis di atas menyimpulkan secara jelas bahwa wanita diwajibkan untuk menutupi payudara mereka tetapi BUKAN rambut mereka. Hampir semua wanita di dunia memenuhi perintah Quran utk menutupi payudara mereka dengan mengenakan pakaian seperti baju.

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Artikel ini awalnya ditulis dalam bahasa Inggris. Ini adalah terjemahannya dalam bahasa Indonesia.

Sebagian besar orang Muslim, selain Al-Quran, percaya bahwa hadits adalah sumber hukum Islam yang sah. Argumen di bawah ini dengan mudah membuktikan menggunakan Al-Quran dan logika dasar bahwa kebanyakan Muslim tidak hanya salah, tetapi mereka juga kafir menurut Al-Quran, karena mereka menghakimi menggunakan hadits.

Mari kita mulai.

Hanya menghakimi dengan kitab suci Tuhan (Taurat, Al-Quran)

Sebelum Tuhan menurunkan Al-Quran kepada Muhammad, Ia mengirim Taurat kepada Musa untuk orang Yahudi menghakimi dengannya. Pada saat itu, para nabi, para rabi Yahudi dan para ulama Yahudi hanya menghakimi menggunakan Taurat. Ini dibuktikan dalam ayat 5:44 di mana Tuhan juga memberitahu orang-orang untuk tidak menukar ayat-ayat-Nya dengan yang lain, misalnya hukum buatan manusia, dan siapa pun yang tidak menghakimi dengan apa yang diturunkan Tuhan, misalnya Taurat dan Al-Quran, maka mereka adalah orang yang kafir.

إِنَّا أَنزَلْنَا التَّوْرَاةَ فِيهَا هُدًى وَنُورٌ ۚ يَحْكُمُ بِهَا النَّبِيُّونَ الَّذِينَ أَسْلَمُوا لِلَّذِينَ هَادُوا وَالرَّبَّانِيُّونَ وَالْأَحْبَارُ بِمَا اسْتُحْفِظُوا مِن كِتَابِ اللَّهِ وَكَانُوا عَلَيْهِ شُهَدَاءَ ۚ فَلَا تَخْشَوُا النَّاسَ وَاخْشَوْنِ وَلَا تَشْتَرُوا بِآيَاتِي ثَمَنًا قَلِيلًا ۚ وَمَن لَّمْ يَحْكُم بِمَا أَنزَلَ اللَّهُ فَأُولَٰئِكَ هُمُ الْكَافِرُونَ

Sungguh, Kami yang menurunkan (bahasa Arab: an-zal) Kitab Taurat; di dalamnya (ada) petunjuk dan cahaya. Dengan Kitab itu para nabi yang berserah diri kepada Tuhan menghakimi atas perkara orang Yahudi, demikian juga para rabi dan ulama mereka, sebab mereka diperintahkan memelihara kitab-kitab Tuhan dan mereka menjadi saksi terhadapnya. Karena itu janganlah kamu takut kepada manusia, (tetapi) takutlah kepada-Ku. Dan janganlah kamu jual ayat-ayat-Ku dengan harga murah. Barangsiapa tidak menghakimi dengan apa yang diturunkan (bahasa Arab: an-zal) Tuhan, maka mereka itulah orang-orang kafir. (Al-Quran: 5:44)

Setelah Musa meninggal, pada abad ke-2 para rabi Yahudi menyusun sebuah buku berjudul Talmud yang berisi

• Mishnah (Taurat Lisan / perkataan yang diduga atau hadits Musa)
  Menurut tradisi Yahudi, Taurat Lisan diturunkan secara lisan di rantai tak terputus dari generasi ke generasi sampai akhirnya ditulis. Ini sangat mirip dengan hadits Islam / dugaan perkataan Muhammad).
• Gemara
  Serangkaian komentar dan debat mengenai Mishnah.

Saat ini, sebagian besar orang Yahudi menghakimi dengan kitab suci (Taurat) dan Talmud yang berisi perkataan yang diduga dari Musa. Ini sangat mirip dengan bagaimana para pengikut Al-Quran pada awalnya hanya menghakimi dengan Al-Quran. Setelah buku-buku hadits (dugaan perkataan Muhammad) ditulis, pengikut Quran mulai menghakimi dengan Al-Quran dan hadits.

Garis waktu kejadian

Tahun	Kejadian
Dahulu kala	Tuhan menurunkan Taurat kepada Musa
Dahulu kala	Para nabi, rabi dan ulama Yahudi menghakimi hanya menggunakan Taurat
~200 CE	Para rabi Yahudi menulis Talmud yang berisi dugaan perkataan Musa
~ 200 CE ke depan	Orang-orang Yahudi menghakimi menggunakan Taurat dan Talmud
609 – 632 CE	Tuhan menurunkan Quran kepada Muhammad
~ 800 CE	Bukhari menulis hadits yang berisi dugaan perkataan Muhammad
~ 800 CE ke depan	Orang-orang Muslim menghakimi menggunakan Al-Quran dan hadits

Hanya hakim menggunakan Al-Quran

Quran ayat 45:6 secara khusus memberitahu orang-orang untuk hanya menghakimi dengan Al-Quran dan bukan hadits. Perhatikan bahwa kata Arab yang digunakan untuk hadits adalah hadits dan bukan kata lain.

تِلْكَ آيَاتُ اللَّهِ نَتْلُوهَا عَلَيْكَ بِالْحَقِّ ۖ فَبِأَيِّ حَدِيثٍ بَعْدَ اللَّهِ وَآيَاتِهِ يُؤْمِنُونَ

Itulah ayat-ayat Tuhan yang Kami bacakan kepadamu dalam kebenaran; maka dengan hadits (bahasa Arab: ha-deeth) mana lagi mereka akan percaya setelah Tuhan dan ayat-ayat-Nya. (Al-Quran: 45:6)

Ayat-ayat Tuhan adalah Al-Quran. Hadits jelas bukan ayat Tuhan. Tidak ada orang yang waras, termasuk pengikut hadits, yang akan mengatakan bahwa hadits itu ayat-ayat dari Tuhan.

Al-Quran ayat 5:44 dengan jelas mengatakan bahwa siapa pun yang menghakimi dengan apa pun selain Al-Quran adalah orang kafir.

… وَمَن لَّمْ يَحْكُم بِمَا أَنزَلَ اللَّهُ فَأُولَٰئِكَ هُمُ الْكَافِرُونَ

Barangsiapa tidak menghakimi dengan apa yang diturunkan (bahasa Arab: an-zal) Tuhan, maka mereka itulah orang-orang kafir. (Al-Quran: 5:44)

Apa yang “diturunkan” (bahasa Arab: an-zal) oleh Tuhan adalah Al-Quran, dan sebelum itu, Taurat. Keduanya adalah kitab suci dari Tuhan sendiri. Dugaan perkataan (hadits) Musa dan Muhammad tidak “diturunkan” oleh Tuhan. Perhatikan penggunaan kata “diturunkan” (bahasa Arab: an-zal) dalam ayat-ayat berikut yang menegaskan bahwa apa yang “diturunkan” Tuhan adalah Al-Quran dan bukan hadits.

إِنَّا أَنزَلْنَاهُ قُرْآنًا عَرَبِيًّا لَّعَلَّكُمْ تَعْقِلُونَ

Sesungguhnya Kami menurunkannya (bahasa Arab: an-zal) sebagai Qur’an berbahasa Arab, agar kamu mengerti. (Quran: 12:2)

وَكَذَٰلِكَ أَنزَلْنَاهُ قُرْآنًا عَرَبِيًّا وَصَرَّفْنَا فِيهِ مِنَ الْوَعِيدِ لَعَلَّهُمْ يَتَّقُونَ أَوْ يُحْدِثُ لَهُمْ ذِكْرًا

Dan demikianlah Kami menurunkan (bahasa Arab: an-zal) Al-Qur’an dalam bahasa Arab, dan Kami telah menjelaskan berulang-ulang di dalamnya ancaman, agar mereka menghindari dari dosa, atau agar (Al-Qur’an) itu memberi peringatan bagi mereka. (Quran: 20:113)

لَوْ أَنزَلْنَا هَٰذَا الْقُرْآنَ عَلَىٰ جَبَلٍ لَّرَأَيْتَهُ خَاشِعًا مُّتَصَدِّعًا مِّنْ خَشْيَةِ اللَّهِ ۚ وَتِلْكَ الْأَمْثَالُ نَضْرِبُهَا لِلنَّاسِ لَعَلَّهُمْ يَتَفَكَّرُونَ

Sekiranya Kami turunkan (bahasa Arab: an-zal) ini kepada sebuah gunung, pasti kamu akan melihatnya tunduk terpecah belah disebabkan takut kepada Tuhan. Dan perumpamaan-perumpamaan itu Kami buat untuk manusia agar mereka berpikir. (Al-Quran: 59:21)

Dalam ayat 13:37, kita membaca bahwa Tuhan menurunkan “undang-undang Arab” yang menegaskan bahwa Al-Quran Arab adalah hukum yang harus dipakai untuk menghakimi dan bukan buku lain.

وَكَذَٰلِكَ أَنزَلْنَاهُ حُكْمًا عَرَبِيًّا ۚ…

Dan demikianlah Kami telah menurunkannya (bahasa Arab: an-zal) sebagai peraturan (yang benar) dalam bahasa Arab. … (Al-Quran: 13:37)

Hadits itu bukan wahyu

Sebagian pengikut hadits akan mengklaim bahwa, selain Al-Qur’an, perkataan sehari-hari Nabi Muhammad juga merupakan wahyu dari Tuhan. Mereka dapat dengan mudah dibuktikan salah sebagai berikut.

Bukti 1:

Quran ayat 66:1 menunjukkan situasi di mana Tuhan mempertanyakan Muhammad setelah Muhammad melarang sesuatu yang Tuhan buat sah. Jika semua yang dikatakan Muhammad adalah wahyu dari Tuhan, lalu mengapa Tuhan mempertanyakan Muhammad tentang sesuatu yang dikatakan Muhammad? Logikanya, karena tidak semua yang dikatakan Muhammad adalah wahyu dari Tuhan.

يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ لِمَ تُحَرِّمُ مَا أَحَلَّ اللَّهُ لَكَ ۖ تَبْتَغِي مَرْضَاتَ أَزْوَاجِكَ ۚ وَاللَّهُ غَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ …

Wahai Nabi, mengapa kamu mengharamkan apa yang Tuhan telah membuat halal untukmu, mencari persetujuan dari istrimu? … (Quran 66:1)

Bukti 2:

Dalam ayat 69:44-46, Tuhan mengancam akan membunuh Nabi Muhammad jika Muhammad membuat perkataan palsu tentang Tuhan. Ini membuktikan bahwa tidak semua yang dikatakan Muhammad adalah wahyu dari Tuhan karena jika semua perkataannya adalah wahyu, Tuhan tidak perlu membuat ancaman ini. Jika Tuhan ingin mengatakan bahwa setiap kata yang keluar dari mulut Muhammad adalah wahyu dari Tuhan, Dia bisa saja mengatakan itu tanpa membuat ancaman.

وَلَوْ تَقَوَّلَ عَلَيْنَا بَعْضَ الْأَقَاوِيلِ لَأَخَذْنَا مِنْهُ بِالْيَمِينِ ثُمَّ لَقَطَعْنَا مِنْهُ الْوَتِينَ

Dan jika dia (Muhammad) mengada-adakan perkataan atas (nama) Kami (Tuhan), pasti Kami akan pegang dia pada tangan kanannya; kemudian Kami akan potong pembuluh jantungnya. (Al-Quran 69:44-46)

Bukti 3:

Hadis Sahih al-Bukhari #1629 menunjukkan bahwa Muhammad melarang sholat saat matahari terbit (fajar) dan matahari terbenam (maghrib). Ini jelas adalah kontradiksi besar dengan Quran yang bahkan pasti disetujui oleh pengikut hadits.

Dikisahkan `Abdullah: Saya mendengar Nabi (ﷺ) melarang sholat pada saat matahari terbit dan terbenam. Sahih al-Bukhari 1629 https://sunnah.com/bukhari/25/113

Semua Muslim, bahkan mereka yang menggunakan hadits sebagai hukum Islam, akan terus sholat fajar dan maghrib meskipun hadits sahih ini melarangnya. Dalam hal ini, mereka dapat mengatakan bahwa meskipun hadits ini sahih, mereka memilih untuk mengabaikannya karena bertentangan dengan Al-Quran, tetapi mereka akan mengatakan bahwa hadits lain masih valid. Dengan kata lain, mereka akhirnya memilih untuk mengikuti beberapa hadits dan mengabaikan yang lain. Maka dari itu, tidak mengherankan bahwa Quran ayat 68:36-38 mempertanyakan orang-orang yang menghakimi dengan buku selain Quran (misalnya buku hadits) di mana mereka memilih semaunya hukum mana yang mereka ingin ikuti.

مَا لَكُمْ كَيْفَ تَحْكُمُونَ أَمْ لَكُمْ كِتَابٌ فِيهِ تَدْرُسُونَ إِنَّ لَكُمْ فِيهِ لَمَا تَخَيَّرُونَ

Mengapa kamu (berbuat demikian)? Bagaimana kamu menghakimi? Atau apakah kamu mempunyai buku yang kamu pelajari yang memang untuk kamu di dalamnya adalah apapun yang kamu pilih? (68:36-38)

Fakta bahwa pengikut hadits mengakui bahwa beberapa hadits sahih tidak dapat diterima seharusnya membuat mereka curiga dan mempertanyakan keaslian semua hadits lainnya, bahkan jika hadits lain kedengarannya benar.

Nabi Muhammad hanya memperingatkan menggunakan Al-Qur’an

Sebagian pengikut hadits, dengan berpikir bahwa mereka meniru Muhammad, akan menggunakan hadits untuk memperingatkan orang lain tentang hukum Islam. Ironisnya, Quran ayat 50:45 dan 6:19 membuktikan bahwa Muhammad sendiri hanya memperingatkan menggunakan Quran.

… فَذَكِّرْ بِالْقُرْآنِ مَن يَخَافُ وَعِيدِ

… Maka berilah (ya Muhammad) peringatan dengan Al-Qur’an kepada siapa pun yang takut kepada ancaman-Ku. (50:45)

… وَأُوحِيَ إِلَيَّ هَٰذَا الْقُرْآنُ لِأُنذِرَكُم بِهِ وَمَن بَلَغَ …

Al-Qur’an ini diwahyukan kepadaku agar dengannya aku memberi peringatan kepadamu dan kepada siapa pun yang mendapatnya… (6:19)

Nabi Muhammad hanya mengikuti Quran

Pengikut hadits berpikir bahwa mereka mengikuti jalan Muhammad dengan mengikuti hadits tentang dia. Ironisnya, Muhammad mengatakan dalam Quran ayat 50:45 bahwa dia sendiri hanya mengikuti Quran.

وَإِذَا تُتْلَىٰ عَلَيْهِمْ آيَاتُنَا بَيِّنَاتٍ ۙ قَالَ الَّذِينَ لَا يَرْجُونَ لِقَاءَنَا ائْتِ بِقُرْآنٍ غَيْرِ هَٰذَا أَوْ بَدِّلْهُ ۚ قُلْ مَا يَكُونُ لِي أَنْ أُبَدِّلَهُ مِن تِلْقَاءِ نَفْسِي ۖ إِنْ أَتَّبِعُ إِلَّا مَا يُوحَىٰ إِلَيَّ

Dan apabila dibacakan kepada mereka ayat-ayat Kami dengan jelas, orang-orang yang tidak mengharapkan pertemuan dengan Kami berkata, “Datangkanlah kitab selain Al-Qur’an ini atau gantikan (isinya Al-Quran).” Katakanlah (Muhammad), “Tidaklah pantas bagiku menggantinya atas kemauanku sendiri. Aku hanya mengikuti apa yang diwahyukan kepadaku. …” (10:15)

Argumen “Bagaimana cara sholat”

Sebagian pengikut hadits pasti akan memberitahu Anda bahwa hadits diperlukan untuk hukum Islam karena hadits menjelaskan bagaimana cara sholat. Yang tidak disadari oleh orang-orang ini adalah bahwa

1. Tidak seorang pun belajar sholat dengan membaca hadits. Sebenarnya, mereka belajar dari orang lain seperti orang tua mereka.
2. Hadits tidak menjelaskan dengan jelas bagaimana cara sholat. Sholat adalah ritual sehari-hari. Fakta bahwa hadits tidak banyak bicara tentang bagaimana sholat seharusnya membuat Anda curiga tentang keaslian hadits.
3. Walaupun jika hadits benar-benar menjelaskan cara sholat, maka karena buku-buku hadits tidak ditulis sampai sekitar 200 tahun setelah kematian Muhammad, maka selama 2 abad setelah Muhammad wafat, tidak ada yang bisa sholat karena buku-buku hadits belum ditulis. Tidak masuk akal bahwa orang tidak bisa sholat selama 200 tahun karena mereka sedang menunggu Bukhari untuk menulis buku haditsnya.

Masuk akal bahwa Tuhan tidak memberikan petunjuk langkah demi langkah tentang cara sholat dalam Al-Quran karena Tuhan tahu bahwa orang pada awalnya akan belajar dengan mengikuti Muhammad dan kemudian setelah Muhammad meninggal, orang akan belajar dari masyarakat mereka, misalnya ketika mereka sholat di masjid pada hari Jumat. Kenyataannya, pengetahuan tentang cara sholat diturunkan dari satu generasi ke generasi lain, bukan dari membaca ribuan hadits mencoba mencari tahu seperti teka-teki yang besar.

Argumen “tafsir” (interpretasi)

Sebagian pengikut hadits akan berpendapat bahwa tafsir saya terhadap ayat-ayat di atas, atau ayat lain dalam hal ini, tidak benar. Mereka berpikir bahwa hanya tafsir mereka adalah tafsir yang benar. Al-Quran membahas masalah tafsir dalam ayat 3:7 di mana Tuhan mengatakan bahwa ada dua jenis ayat.

1. Ayat spesifik (jelas)

Ayat ini adalah dasar dari Al-Quran dan karena ayat-ayat ini sudah jelas, penafsiran tidak diperlukan.

2. Ayat tidak spesifik (tidak jelas)

Ayat ini adalah ayat yang tidak jelas dan hanya Tuhan yang tahu arti yang sebenarnya. Ayat-ayat yang tidak jelas ini adalah ujian bagi orang-orang yang ingin menafsirkannya dengan cara tertentu untuk mendukung pendapat dan minat pribadi mereka.

هُوَ الَّذِي أَنزَلَ عَلَيْكَ الْكِتَابَ مِنْهُ آيَاتٌ مُّحْكَمَاتٌ هُنَّ أُمُّ الْكِتَابِ وَأُخَرُ مُتَشَابِهَاتٌ ۖ فَأَمَّا الَّذِينَ فِي قُلُوبِهِمْ زَيْغٌ فَيَتَّبِعُونَ مَا تَشَابَهَ مِنْهُ ابْتِغَاءَ الْفِتْنَةِ وَابْتِغَاءَ تَأْوِيلِهِ ۗ وَمَا يَعْلَمُ تَأْوِيلَهُ إِلَّا اللَّهُ ۗ وَالرَّاسِخُونَ فِي الْعِلْمِ يَقُولُونَ آمَنَّا بِهِ كُلٌّ مِّنْ عِندِ رَبِّنَا ۗ وَمَا يَذَّكَّرُ إِلَّا أُولُو الْأَلْبَابِ

Dialah yang menurunkan (bahasa Arab: an-zal) Kitab (Al-Qur’an) kepadamu (Muhammad). Di antaranya ada ayat-ayat yang spesifik dan jelas, itulah dasar Kitab (Al-Qur’an), dan yang lain tidak spesifik. Orang-orang yang dalam hatinya ada penyimpangan [dari kebenaran], mereka mengikuti yang tidak spesifik untuk mencari-cari perselisihan dan untuk mencari-cari interpretasi yang sesuai dengan keinginannya, padahal tidak ada yang mengetahui arti yang sebenarnya kecuali Tuhan. Dan orang-orang yang berpengetahuan berkata, “Kami percaya kepadanya (Al-Qur’an), Seluruhnnya (Al-Quran) adalah dari Tuhan kita.” Tidak ada yang dapat mengambil pelajaran kecuali orang yang berakal. (3:7)

Karena ayat-ayat yang digunakan dalam argumen saya di atas jelas, maka argumen pengikut hadits bahwa interpretasi saya itu salah tidak valid.

Argumen “Tradisi”

Sebagian pengikut hadits berpendapat bahwa tradisi Islam harus dihormati dan dipertimbangkan dalam semua urusan Islam. Mereka juga berpendapat bahwa karena secara tradisional orang Muslim telah mengikuti hadits, maka umat Islam harus terus mengikuti hadits. Argumen ini tidak valid karena tidak semua tradisi benar dan tradisi bukanlah dasar agama. Tidak ada dalam Al-Qur’an yang mengatakan bahwa pengikutnya harus mengikuti tradisi dan praktik nenek moyang mereka. Sebaliknya, Al-Quran sebenarnya memberikan contoh yang dengan jelas menunjukkan bahwa tradisi tidak ada tempatnya dalam agama dan jelas bukan pengganti perintah Al-Quran yang jelas.

Dalam ayat 21:52-53 nabi Ibrahim bertanya kepada ayahnya dan kaumnya mengapa mereka menyembah patung. Jawaban mereka adalah bahwa mereka hanya mengikuti tradisi nenek moyang mereka. Jelas tradisi nenek moyang mereka salah.

إِذْ قَالَ لِأَبِيهِ وَقَوْمِهِ مَا هَٰذِهِ التَّمَاثِيلُ الَّتِي أَنتُمْ لَهَا عَاكِفُونَ قَالُوا وَجَدْنَا آبَاءَنَا لَهَا عَابِدِينَ

Ketika dia (Ibrahim) berkata kepada ayahnya dan kaumnya, “Patung-patung apa ini yang kamu tekun menyembahnya?” Mereka menjawab, “Kami lihat nenek moyang kami menyembahnya.”

Dalam ayat 2:170, ayah dan kaum Ibrahim diperintahkan untuk mengikuti apa yang Tuhan turunkan tetapi mereka malah bersikeras mengikuti tradisi nenek moyang mereka. Tuhan kemudian berkata bahwa nenek moyang mereka tidak tahu apa-apa dan mereka tidak mendapat petunjuk (hidayah).

وَإِذَا قِيلَ لَهُمُ اتَّبِعُوا مَا أَنزَلَ اللَّهُ قَالُوا بَلْ نَتَّبِعُ مَا أَلْفَيْنَا عَلَيْهِ آبَاءَنَا ۗ أَوَلَوْ كَانَ آبَاؤُهُمْ لَا يَعْقِلُونَ شَيْئًا وَلَا يَهْتَدُونَ

Dan apabila dikatakan kepada mereka, “Ikutilah apa yang telah diturunkan (bahasa Arab: an-zal) Tuhan.” Mereka menjawab, “Daripada itu, kami akan mengikuti apa yang dilakukan nenek moyang kami.” Padahal, nenek moyang mereka itu tidak mengetahui apa pun, dan tidak mendapat petunjuk (hidayah). (2:170)

Argumen “2,5% zakat”

Sebagian pengikut hadits berpendapat bahwa tanpa hadits, umat Islam tidak akan tahu bahwa mereka harus membayar 2,5% dari pendapatan mereka untuk memenuhi persyaratan zakat yang mereka yakini benar-benar hanya untuk orang miskin atau yang membutuhkan uang. Ada beberapa masalah dengan argumen ini.

1. Setiap orang harus membayar zakat, bukan hanya Muslim

Pengikut hadits secara keliru percaya bahwa hanya orang Muslim yang harus membayar zakat. Quran ayat 41:7 membuktikan bahwa bahkan orang yang bukan Muslim termasuk musyrik harus membayar zakat.

وَوَيْلٌ لِّلْمُشْرِكِينَ الَّذِينَ لَا يُؤْتُونَ الزَّكَاةَ وَهُم بِالْآخِرَةِ هُمْ كَافِرُونَ

“… Dan celakalah kaum musyrik (41:6) yang tidak memberikan ‘Zakat’ dan di akhirat mereka adalah orang-orang kafir. (41:7)”

2. Orang sudah membayar zakat jauh sebelum Muhammad lahir

Dalam ayat 19:31, 19:55, 2:83, 7: 156, 5:12, 21:73, 4: 162, dan 98: 5 kita melihat bukti bahwa banyak sekali orang sudah membayar zakat jauh sebelum nabi Muhammad, misalnya nabi Ibrahim membayar zakat. Karena itu, berapa persentase pendapatan untuk membayar zakat tidak tergantung pada sesuatu yang diduga adalah perkataan oleh Muhammad (hadits).

Apa sebenarnya zakat itu?

Karena setiap orang harus membayar zakat dan uang zakat sering digunakan untuk membantu orang miskin, maka masuk akal jika zakat adalah pajak pemerintah karena pajak pendapatan digunakan untuk kepentingan masyarakat termasuk orang miskin. Di AS, lebih dari 15% pajak pendapatan federal digunakan untuk program sosial untuk membantu orang yang membutuhkan bantuan finansial. Ini adalah jumlah yang jauh lebih besar daripada 2,5% yang tertulis di hadits untuk memenuhi persyaratan zakat. Ironisnya, sebagian negara-negara Islam di mana orang-orang hanya membayar 2,5% untuk zakat adalah negara-negara termiskin di dunia. Sebaliknya, di AS tempat semua orang membayar zakat (pajak pendapatan), orang yang membutuhkan bantuan finansial bisa mendapatkannya dan keluar dari kemiskinan.

Hadis Terbaik

Tidak mengherankan bahwa hadits terbaik adalah hadits Tuhan, yaitu Al-Quran. Oleh karena itu, Tuhan mengatakan kepada semua orang untuk hanya menghakimi dengan Al-Quran dan bukan dengan sumber yang lain.

اللَّهُ نَزَّلَ أَحْسَنَ الْحَدِيثِ كِتَابًا مُّتَشَابِهًا مَّثَانِيَ تَقْشَعِرُّ مِنْهُ

Tuhan telah menurunkan (bahasa Arab: an-zal) hadits (perkataan) yang paling baik – buku (Al-Qur’an) yang serupa (ayat-ayatnya) lagi berulang-ulang. (Al-Quran: 39:23)

Contoh-contoh

Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh di mana hadits bertentangan dengan Alquran dan umat Islam menghakimi dengan hadits daripada Alquran.

Sholat Jum’at

Banyak orang Muslim percaya bahwa wanita tidak diharuskan sholat berjamaah pada hari Jumat. Kepercayaan ini berasal dari hadits. Namun, itu bertentangan langsung dengan Quran ayat 62:9 yang menginstruksikan semua orang yang beriman (pria dan wanita) untuk sholat bersama pada hari Jumat.

2,5% zakat

Sebagian besar orang Muslim percaya bahwa mereka hanya diharuskan membayar 2,5% dari pendapatan mereka untuk memenuhi persyaratan zakat. Batas ini ditemukan dalam hadits tetapi tidak ada dalam Al-Quran.

Emas dan sutra

Larangan bagi pria Muslim untuk memakai emas dan sutra berasal dari hadits. Tidak ada dalam Qur’an bahwa Tuhan melarang pemakaian emas dan sutra.

Musik dan bernyanyi

Larangan bagi umat Islam untuk mendengarkan musik dan bernyanyi berasal dari hadits. Tidak ada dalam Qur’an bahwa Tuhan melarang ini.

Haji tanpa “muhrim”

Seorang “muhrim” dipahami sebagai laki-laki yang tidak sah untuk menikahi wanita yang bersangkutan, misalnya ayah, saudara laki-laki, anak laki-laki, kakek, dll. Dengan demikian, wanita Muslim percaya bahwa mereka tidak boleh melakukan ibadah haji kecuali kalau salah satu dari “muhrim” mereka menemani mereka. Kepercayaan ini berasal dari hadits yang mengatakan bahwa tidak boleh ada laki-laki yang akan ditemani seorang wanita sendirian dan di tempat sunyi. Dengan jutaan peziarah haji mengunjungi Mekah setiap tahun, berada dalam keadaan “bersunyi-sunyian” adalah kebalikan dari apa yang sebenarnya terjadi. Kepercayaan ini biasa terjadi dalam budaya yang didominasi pria seperti di Arab Saudi di mana aturannya jelas tidak adil karena pembatasan ini tidak berlaku untuk pria. Tidak ada hukum seperti itu dalam Quran yang melarang wanita melakukan haji tanpa “muhrim”.

33% alokasi aset maksimum dalam wasiat

Sebagian orang Muslim berpendapat bahwa maksimum yang dapat Anda alokasikan dalam surat wasiat adalah 1/3 (33%) dari total aset Anda. Nilai ini tidak ditemukan di dalam Al-Quran. Itu berasal dari hadits.

Hadits sebagai tafsir (penjelasan) dari Quran

Banyak orang Muslim percaya bahwa hadits diperlukan untuk menjelaskan Quran. Namun, ini bertentangan langsung dengan Al-Quran yang mengatakan bahwa

• Al-Quran adalah hadits terbaik (39:23)
• Al-Quran lengkap (6:115)
• Al-Quran tidak kehilangan apa-apa (6:38)
• Al-Qur’an mengandung penjelasan yang rinci (6:114, 12:111, 41:3, 11:1)
• Al-Qur’an adalah klarifikasi untuk semua hal (16:89)
• Al-Qur’an adalah tafsir terbaik (penjelasan) dari dirinya sendiri (25:33)

Kesimpulan

Bukti-bukti di atas sangat dan cukup jelas bahwa hadits bukan hanya merupakan sumber hukum Islam yang tidak benar, tetapi mengikuti dan menghakimi dengan hadits, menurut Quran ayat 5:44, menjadikan Anda seorang kafir!

… وَمَن لَّمْ يَحْكُم بِمَا أَنزَلَ اللَّهُ فَأُولَٰئِكَ هُمُ الْكَافِرُونَ

Barangsiapa tidak menghakimi dengan apa yang diturunkan (bahasa Arab: an-zal) Tuhan, maka mereka itulah orang-orang kafir. (Al-Quran: 5:44)

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This article has been translated into other languages:

• Arabic
• Indonesian
• Urdu (coming soon)
• Hindi (coming soon)
• Farsi (coming soon)
• Turkish (coming soon)

Most Muslims believe that, in addition to the Quran, the hadith is a valid source of Islamic law. The arguments below easily prove using the Quran and basic logic that most Muslims are not only wrong, but they are also kafir according to the Quran because they judge using the hadith.

Let’s begin.

Only judge by God’s scriptures (e.g. Torah, Quran)

Before God sent down the Quran to Muhammad, He sent down the Torah to Moses for Jews to judge by. At that time, prophets, Jewish rabbis and scholars only judged using the Torah. This is proven in verse 5:44 where God also tells people not to exchange His verses with anything else, e.g. man-made laws, and that whoever does not judge by what God sent down, e.g. Torah, Quran, then they are disbelievers.

إِنَّا أَنزَلْنَا التَّوْرَاةَ فِيهَا هُدًى وَنُورٌ ۚ يَحْكُمُ بِهَا النَّبِيُّونَ الَّذِينَ أَسْلَمُوا لِلَّذِينَ هَادُوا وَالرَّبَّانِيُّونَ وَالْأَحْبَارُ بِمَا اسْتُحْفِظُوا مِن كِتَابِ اللَّهِ وَكَانُوا عَلَيْهِ شُهَدَاءَ ۚ فَلَا تَخْشَوُا النَّاسَ وَاخْشَوْنِ وَلَا تَشْتَرُوا بِآيَاتِي ثَمَنًا قَلِيلًا ۚ وَمَن لَّمْ يَحْكُم بِمَا أَنزَلَ اللَّهُ فَأُولَٰئِكَ هُمُ الْكَافِرُونَ

Indeed, We sent down (Arabic: an-zal) the Torah, in which was guidance and light. The prophets who submitted [to God] judged by it for the Jews, as did the rabbis and scholars by that with which they were entrusted of the Scripture of God, and they were witnesses thereto. So do not fear the people but fear Me, and do not exchange My verses for a small price. And whoever does not judge by what God has sent down (Arabic: an-zal), then it is those who are the disbelievers. (Quran: 5:44)

After Moses died in the 2nd century CE, rabbis compiled a book called the Talmud containing the

• Mishnah (Oral Torah / supposed sayings or hadith of Moses)
  According to Jewish tradition, the Oral Torah was passed down orally in an unbroken chain from generation to generation until it was finally committed to writing. This is very similar to Islamic hadith / supposed sayings of Muhammad). Hadith compilers, e.g. Bukhari, may have even gotten the idea to compile their hadith books from the Mishnah.
• Gemara
  A series of running commentaries and debates concerning the Mishnah. The equivalent may be Quranic or hadith tafsir (exegesis).

Nowadays, most Jews judge by scripture (Torah) and the Talmud, which contains the supposed sayings of Moses. This is very similar to how followers of the Quran at first only judged by the Quran until the hadith books (supposed sayings of Muhammad) were written around 200 years after Muhammad’s death, at which time people began judging by both the Quran and the hadith.

Timeline of events

Year	Event
Very long time ago	God sent down the Torah to Moses
Very long time ago	Prophets, Jewish rabbis and scholars judged using only the Torah
~200 CE	Jewish rabbis wrote the Talmud containing supposed sayings of Moses
~ 200 CE onwards	Jews judged using both the Torah and the Talmud
609 – 632 CE	God sent down the Quran to Muhammad
~ 800 CE	Bukhari wrote the hadith containing supposed sayings of Muhammad
~ 800 CE onwards	Muslims judged using both the Quran and the hadith

Only judge by the Quran

Quran verse 45:6 explicitly tells people to only judge by the Quran and not the hadith. Note the Arabic word used for hadith is hadith.

تِلْكَ آيَاتُ اللَّهِ نَتْلُوهَا عَلَيْكَ بِالْحَقِّ ۖ فَبِأَيِّ حَدِيثٍ بَعْدَ اللَّهِ وَآيَاتِهِ يُؤْمِنُونَ

These are the verses (ayat) of God which We recite to you in truth. Then in what hadith (Arabic: ha-deeth) after God and His verses will they believe? (Quran: 45:6)

The verses (ayat) of God are the Quran. The hadith are obviously not verses of God. No one in their right mind, including hadith followers, would say the hadith verses are from God.

Quran verse 5:44 clearly states that anyone who judges by anything besides the Quran is a disbeliever (kafir).

… وَمَن لَّمْ يَحْكُم بِمَا أَنزَلَ اللَّهُ فَأُولَٰئِكَ هُمُ الْكَافِرُونَ

And whoever does not judge by what God has sent down (Arabic: an-zal) – then it is they who are the disbelievers (Arabic: kafirun). (Quran: 5:44)

What God “sent down” (Arabic: an-zal) was the Quran, and before that, the Torah, both of which are scriptures from God Himself. Supposed sayings (hadith) of Moses and Muhammad were not “sent down” by God. Notice the use of the phrase “sent down” (Arabic: an-zal) in the following verses, which confirm that what God “sent down” was the Quran and not the hadith.

إِنَّا أَنزَلْنَاهُ قُرْآنًا عَرَبِيًّا لَّعَلَّكُمْ تَعْقِلُونَ

Indeed, We have sent it down (Arabic: an-zal) as an Arabic Qur’an that you might understand. (Quran: 12:2)

وَكَذَٰلِكَ أَنزَلْنَاهُ قُرْآنًا عَرَبِيًّا وَصَرَّفْنَا فِيهِ مِنَ الْوَعِيدِ لَعَلَّهُمْ يَتَّقُونَ أَوْ يُحْدِثُ لَهُمْ ذِكْرًا

And thus We have sent it down (Arabic: an-zal) as an Arabic Qur’an and have diversified therein the warnings that perhaps they will avoid [sin] or it would cause them remembrance. (Quran: 20:113)

لَوْ أَنزَلْنَا هَٰذَا الْقُرْآنَ عَلَىٰ جَبَلٍ لَّرَأَيْتَهُ خَاشِعًا مُّتَصَدِّعًا مِّنْ خَشْيَةِ اللَّهِ ۚ وَتِلْكَ الْأَمْثَالُ نَضْرِبُهَا لِلنَّاسِ لَعَلَّهُمْ يَتَفَكَّرُونَ

If We had sent down (Arabic: an-zal) this Qur’an upon a mountain, you would have seen it humbled and coming apart from fear of Allah. And these examples We present to the people that perhaps they will give thought. (Quran: 59:21)

In verse 13:37, we read that God sent down an “Arabic legislation” which confirms that the Arabic Quran is the law to judge by.

وَكَذَٰلِكَ أَنزَلْنَاهُ حُكْمًا عَرَبِيًّا ۚ…

And thus We have sent down (Arabic: an-zal) this as an Arabic legislation. … (Quran: 13:37)

The hadith is not a revelation

Some hadithers will claim that, in addition to the Quran, Prophet Muhammad’s day-to-day sayings are also somehow revelations from God. They can easily be proven wrong.

Proof 1:

Quran verse 66:1 indicates a situation where God questioned Muhammad after Muhammad forbade something that God made lawful. If everything Muhammad said was a revelation from God, then why would God question Muhammad about something Muhammad had said? Logically, because not everything Muhammad said was a revelation from God.

يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ لِمَ تُحَرِّمُ مَا أَحَلَّ اللَّهُ لَكَ ۖ تَبْتَغِي مَرْضَاتَ أَزْوَاجِكَ ۚ وَاللَّهُ غَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ …

O Prophet, why do you forbid what God has made lawful for you, seeking the approval of your wives? … (Quran 66:1 part)

Proof 2:

In verses 69:44-46, God threatened to kill Prophet Muhammad if Muhammad ever made false statements about God. This proves that not everything Muhammad said was a revelation from God since if everything was, God would not have needed to make this threat.  If God wanted to say that literally every word that came out of Muhammad’s mouth was a revelation from God, He could have just said that without making any threats.

وَلَوْ تَقَوَّلَ عَلَيْنَا بَعْضَ الْأَقَاوِيلِ لَأَخَذْنَا مِنْهُ بِالْيَمِينِ ثُمَّ لَقَطَعْنَا مِنْهُ الْوَتِينَ

And if he [Muhammad] had made up about Us [God] some [false] sayings, We would have seized him by the right hand; Then We would have cut from him the aorta. (Quran 69:44-46)

Proof 3:

Hadith Sahih al-Bukhari # 1629 indicates that Muhammad forbade praying at sunrise (fajr) and sunset (maghrib). This is a clear contradiction with the Quran, which even hadithers would agree with.

Narrated `Abdullah: I heard the Prophet (ﷺ) forbidding the offering of prayers at the time of sunrise and sunset. Sahih al-Bukhari 1629 https://sunnah.com/bukhari/25/113

All Muslims, even ones who use the hadith for Islamic law, would continue to pray fajr and maghrib despite this sahih hadith forbidding it. In this case, they may say that even though this hadith is sahih, they choose to ignore it because it contradicts the Quran, but they’ll say that other hadith are still valid. In other words, they end up choosing to follow some hadith and ignoring others. Unsurprisingly, Quran verse 68:36-38 questions these people who judge by a book (e.g. the hadith books) in which they pick and choose whichever laws they want to follow.

مَا لَكُمْ كَيْفَ تَحْكُمُونَ أَمْ لَكُمْ كِتَابٌ فِيهِ تَدْرُسُونَ إِنَّ لَكُمْ فِيهِ لَمَا تَخَيَّرُونَ

What is [the matter] with you? How do you judge? Or do you have a book in which you learn that indeed for you in it is whatever you choose? (68:36-38)

The fact that hadithers acknowledge that some sahih hadith are unacceptable should make them question the authenticity of all other hadith, even if they sound acceptable.

Prophet Muhammad only warned using the Quran

Some hadithers, in thinking that they are imitating Muhammad, will use the hadith to warn other people of Islamic laws. Ironically, Quran verses 50:45 and 6:19 prove that Muhammad himself only warned using the Quran.

… فَذَكِّرْ بِالْقُرْآنِ مَن يَخَافُ وَعِيدِ

… Therefore [O Muhammad] remind by the Qur’an whoever fears My threat. (50:45 part)

… وَأُوحِيَ إِلَيَّ هَٰذَا الْقُرْآنُ لِأُنذِرَكُم بِهِ وَمَن بَلَغَ …

… this Qur’an was revealed to me (Muhammad) that I may warn you thereby and whomever it reaches … (6:19 part)

Prophet Muhammad only followed the Quran

Hadithers think that they are following Muhammad’s way by following the hadith about him. Ironically, Muhammad says in Quran verse 50:45 that he himself only follows the Quran.

وَإِذَا تُتْلَىٰ عَلَيْهِمْ آيَاتُنَا بَيِّنَاتٍ ۙ قَالَ الَّذِينَ لَا يَرْجُونَ لِقَاءَنَا ائْتِ بِقُرْآنٍ غَيْرِ هَٰذَا أَوْ بَدِّلْهُ ۚ قُلْ مَا يَكُونُ لِي أَنْ أُبَدِّلَهُ مِن تِلْقَاءِ نَفْسِي ۖ إِنْ أَتَّبِعُ إِلَّا مَا يُوحَىٰ إِلَيَّ

…And when Our verses are recited to them as clear evidences, those who do not expect the meeting with Us say, “Bring us a Qur’an other than this or change it.” Say, [O Muhammad], “It is not for me to change it on my own accord. I only follow what is revealed to me. … (10:15)

“How to pray” argument

Hadithers will inevitably tell you that the hadith are necessary for Islamic law because it explains how to pray. What these people don’t realize is that 

1. No one learns how to pray by reading the hadith. Instead, they learn from other people like their parents.
2. The hadith does not clearly explain how to pray. Considering that prayer is a daily ritual, the fact that the hadith doesn’t say much about how to pray should make you question the authenticity of the hadith in general.
3. Even if the hadith did clearly explain how to pray, then since the hadith books were not written until ~200 years after Muhammad’s death, then for 2 centuries after Muhammad died, no one could pray because the hadith books had not been written yet. It is illogical to believe that people could not pray for 200 years because they were waiting for Bukhari to write his hadith book.

It is reasonable to believe that God did not provide step-by-step instructions on how to pray in the Quran because God knew that people would first learn by following Muhammad. Then after Muhammad died, people would learn from their communities, e.g. when they pray at mosques on Friday. In actuality, knowledge of how to pray is passed down from one generation to another, not from reading through thousands of hadith trying to figure it out like some huge jigsaw puzzle.

“Interpretation” argument

Some hadithers will argue that my interpretation of the verses above, or any other verse for that matter, is incorrect. They seem to think that only their interpretation is the correct interpretation. The Quran addresses the issue of interpretation in verse 3:7, where God states that there are two types of verses.

1. Specific (clear) verses

These verses are the foundation of the Quran, and since they are clear, interpretation isn’t necessary. The verses mean what they say because the meaning is literal.

2. Unspecific (unclear) verses

These verses are unclear, and only God knows the correct meaning. These unclear verses exist as a test for people who want to interpret them in a particular way so as to justify their personal opinion and interests.

هُوَ الَّذِي أَنزَلَ عَلَيْكَ الْكِتَابَ مِنْهُ آيَاتٌ مُّحْكَمَاتٌ هُنَّ أُمُّ الْكِتَابِ وَأُخَرُ مُتَشَابِهَاتٌ ۖ فَأَمَّا الَّذِينَ فِي قُلُوبِهِمْ زَيْغٌ فَيَتَّبِعُونَ مَا تَشَابَهَ مِنْهُ ابْتِغَاءَ الْفِتْنَةِ وَابْتِغَاءَ تَأْوِيلِهِ ۗ وَمَا يَعْلَمُ تَأْوِيلَهُ إِلَّا اللَّهُ ۗ وَالرَّاسِخُونَ فِي الْعِلْمِ يَقُولُونَ آمَنَّا بِهِ كُلٌّ مِّنْ عِندِ رَبِّنَا ۗ وَمَا يَذَّكَّرُ إِلَّا أُولُو الْأَلْبَابِ

It is He who has sent down (Arabic: an-zal) to you, [O Muhammad], the Book; in it are verses [that are] precise – they are the foundation of the Book – and others unspecific. As for those in whose hearts is deviation [from truth], they will follow that of it which is unspecific, seeking discord and seeking an interpretation [suitable to them]. And no one knows its [true] interpretation except God. But those firm in knowledge say, “We believe in it. All [of it] is from our Lord.” And no one will be reminded except those of understanding. (3:7)

Since the verses used in my arguments above are clear, then the “incorrect interpretation” argument is invalid.

“Tradition” argument

Some hadithers will argue that Islamic tradition must be respected and taken into consideration and since traditionally Muslims have followed the hadith, then Muslims must continue to do so. This argument is invalid because not all traditions are correct and tradition is not a basis for religion. Nowhere in the Quran does it say that followers should follow tradition and the practices of their ancestors. Conversely, the Quran actually provides an example that clearly shows how tradition has no place in religion and is most definitely not a replacement for clear commandments in the Quran.

In verses 21:52-53 Abraham asked his own father and his people why they worshiped statues. Their answer was that they were just following the tradition of their forefathers which was obviously incorrect.

إِذْ قَالَ لِأَبِيهِ وَقَوْمِهِ مَا هَٰذِهِ التَّمَاثِيلُ الَّتِي أَنتُمْ لَهَا عَاكِفُونَ قَالُوا وَجَدْنَا آبَاءَنَا لَهَا عَابِدِينَ

When he (Prophet Abraham) said to his father and his people, “What are these statues to which you are devoted?” They said, “We found our fathers worshippers of them.”

In verse 2:170, Abraham’s father and people were told to follow what God sent down but they instead insisted on following the tradition of their fathers. God then says that their fathers knew nothing and were not guided.

وَإِذَا قِيلَ لَهُمُ اتَّبِعُوا مَا أَنزَلَ اللَّهُ قَالُوا بَلْ نَتَّبِعُ مَا أَلْفَيْنَا عَلَيْهِ آبَاءَنَا ۗ أَوَلَوْ كَانَ آبَاؤُهُمْ لَا يَعْقِلُونَ شَيْئًا وَلَا يَهْتَدُونَ

And when it is said to them, “Follow what God has sent down (Arabic: an-zal),” they say, “Rather, we will follow that which we found our fathers doing.” Even though their fathers understood nothing, nor were they guided? (2:170)

“2.5% zakat” argument

Some hadithers will argue that without the hadith, Muslims wouldn’t know that they must pay 2.5% of their income to satisfy the requirements of zakat which they believe strictly goes to the poor or needy. There are some issues with this argument.

1. Everyone must pay zakat, not just Muslims

Hadithers incorrectly believe that only Muslims must pay zakat. Quran verse 41:7 proves that even non-Muslims including polytheists must pay zakat.

وَوَيْلٌ لِّلْمُشْرِكِينَ الَّذِينَ لَا يُؤْتُونَ الزَّكَاةَ وَهُم بِالْآخِرَةِ هُمْ كَافِرُونَ

…and woe to the polytheists (41:6) who give not the ‘Zakat’ and in the Hereafter they are disbelievers. (41:7)

2. People paid zakat long before Muhammad was born

In verses 19:31, 19:55, 2:83, 7:156, 5:12, 21:73, 4:162, and 98:5 we see proof that many, many groups of people paid zakat going as far back as Abraham himself. Therefore, how much to pay for zakat was not dependent on something Muhammad supposedly said, i.e. the hadith.

What really is zakat?

Since everyone must pay zakat and zakat money is often used to help the poor, then it would make sense that zakat is government taxation since tax revenue is used for the benefit of the community including the poor. In the US, more than 15% of federal tax revenue goes to social programs to help people who need financial help. This is a much larger amount than the 2.5% hadithers claim is the correct amount only Muslims must pay to satisfy zakat requirements. Ironically, Islamic countries where people supposedly only pay 2.5% for zakat are some of the poorest countries in the world. Conversely, in the US where everyone pays zakat (taxes), people who need financial help are able to get it and get out of poverty. More interestingly, the tax rate in Denmark is around 50% and studies have concluded that Danes are the happiest people in the world. That’s maybe because Danes help other Danes via the Danish government (taxes) in many situations, e.g. free healthcare, education, unemployment, etc.

Learn more about Zakat and how Muslims have got it wrong.

The Best Hadith

Unsurprisingly, the best hadith (statement) is the hadith of God, which is the Quran, which is why God told everyone to only judge by it and nothing else.

اللَّهُ نَزَّلَ أَحْسَنَ الْحَدِيثِ كِتَابًا مُّتَشَابِهًا مَّثَانِيَ تَقْشَعِرُّ مِنْهُ

God has sent down (Arabic: an-zal) the best statement: a consistent Book wherein is reiteration. … (Quran: 39:23)

Examples

Following are some examples where the hadith contradict the Quran and Muslims have judged by the hadith instead of the Quran.

Friday prayer

Many Muslims believe that women are not required to pray in congregation on Friday. This belief originates from the hadith. However, it is in direct contradiction with Quran verse 62:9 which instructs all believers (men and women) to pray together on Fridays. Learn more

2.5% zakat

Most Muslims believe that they are only required to pay 2.5% of their income to satisfy zakat requirements. This limit is found in the hadith but nowhere in the Quran. Learn more

Gold and silk

The prohibition for Muslim men to wear gold and silk originates from the hadith. Nowhere in the Quran does God forbid this.

Music and singing

The prohibition for Muslims to listen to music and to sing originates from the hadith. Nowhere in the Quran does God forbid this. Learn more

Hajj without a “muhrim”

A “muhrim” is understood to be any male who is unlawful for marriage to certain women, e.g. a woman’s father, brother, son, grandfather, etc. As such, Muslim women believe that they can’t perform the Hajj unless one of their “muhrim”s accompany them. This belief originates from hadith that says that no man shall be in the company of a woman alone and in seclusion. With millions of Hajj pilgrims visiting Mecca every year, being in a state of “seclusion” is quite the opposite of what actually occurs. This belief is common in male-dominated cultures such as in Saudi Arabia where the rule is clearly one-sided as the restriction does not apply to men. Needless to say, there is no such law in the Quran that prohibits women from performing the Hajj without a “muhrim”. Learn more

33% maximum asset allocation in will

Some Muslims will argue that the most you can allocate in a will is 1/3 (33%) of your total assets. This value is nowhere to be found in the Quran. It comes from the hadith. Learn more

Hadith as tafsir (explanation) of Quran

Many Muslims believe that the hadith are necessary to explain the Quran. However, this is in direct contradiction to the Quran which states that

• the Quran is the best hadith (39:23)
• the Quran is complete (6:115)
• the Quran is not missing anything (6:38)
• the Quran is explained in detail (6:114, 12:111, 41:3, 11:1)
• the Quran is clarification for all things (16:89)
• the Quran is the best tafsir (explanation) of itself (25:33)

Conclusion

The proofs above should make it extremely clear that not only is the hadith an invalid source of Islamic law, but following and judging by the hadith, according to Quran verse 5:44, makes you a kafir!

… وَمَن لَّمْ يَحْكُم بِمَا أَنزَلَ اللَّهُ فَأُولَٰئِكَ هُمُ الْكَافِرُونَ

And whoever does not judge by what God has sent down (Arabic: an-zal) (the Quran) – then it is they who are the disbelievers (Arabic: kafirun). (Quran: 5:44)

So Now What?

If you are a Muslim, especially one who was born in a Muslim country and raised as a Muslim, you may be in shock from what you have just read. That is normal. I was in shock myself after discovering this information after years of unbiased study of the Quran and Islam.

Qualifications

You may be wondering what qualifications I have for you to believe what I have written. I don’t have a long beard (by choice). I don’t dress like typical Islamic scholars. I was born and raised in a non-Islamic country (the United States). Instead of studying Islam at a prestigious Islamic university, e.g. Al Azhar, I studied engineering (B.Sc.) and computer science (M.Sc.) at secular universities (University of California, Berkeley and San Francisco State University). My qualifications are simple and they meet God’s requirements, namely, to use reason and study the Word of God (the Quran). The Quran does not require anyone to have a PhD in Islamic studies in order to understand it.

Popular Belief vs Logical Proof

You may think that the majority of Muslims and Islamic scholars who judge by the hadith could not possibly be wrong. Logically, majority belief does not equal correct belief. As stated in verses 21:52-53 and 2:170 above, Abraham’s father and community all believed that statues were gods. Though they represented the majority, they were all wrong and Abraham alone was right. The same can be said for Muhammad who, in the beginning, was the only Muslim in his community and, despite attacks from the statue-worshipping majority, he persevered. In other words, both Abraham and Muhammad followed proof and reason rather than existing popular belief. 

Cows

You believe the Quran and you consider yourself a rational person, but you may be having a hard time accepting the Quranic statements (a.k.a God’s statements) above. You may be in denial because the clear proofs presented above contradict your long-standing tradition and beliefs. In that case, you may just be lying to yourself. Will you not heed the Quranic proofs which you have read with your own eyes. Or are you, as God puts it in verse 7:179, more astray than cattle?

وَلَقَدْ ذَرَأْنَا لِجَهَنَّمَ كَثِيرًا مِّنَ الْجِنِّ وَالْإِنسِ ۖ لَهُمْ قُلُوبٌ لَّا يَفْقَهُونَ بِهَا وَلَهُمْ أَعْيُنٌ لَّا يُبْصِرُونَ بِهَا وَلَهُمْ آذَانٌ لَّا يَسْمَعُونَ بِهَا ۚ أُولَٰئِكَ كَالْأَنْعَامِ بَلْ هُمْ أَضَلُّ ۚ أُولَٰئِكَ هُمُ الْغَافِلُونَ

And We have certainly created for Hell many of the jinn and mankind. They have hearts with which they do not understand, they have eyes with which they do not see, and they have ears with which they do not hear. They are like cattle; rather, they are more astray. It is they who are the heedless. (7:179)

Of course, you are free to believe whatever you want. But if you choose to disagree with the arguments above, then to quote God Himself …

هَاتُوا بُرْهَانَكُمْ إِن كُنتُمْ صَادِقِينَ

… Show your proof, if you are truthful! (2:111)

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• إثبات أن الحديث ليس شرعاً إسلامياً صالحاً
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• Bukti Wanita Muslim Tidak Harus Menutup Rambutnya Dengan Hijab

Many Muslims believe that Muslim women must cover their hair. Following is an in-depth analysis proving that according to the Quran, women do not have to cover their hair.

No pre-1970 hijab requirement in Saudi Arabia

Before we go into analyzing the Quran, it is important to acknowledge that the notion of the hijab being a mandatory garment for women in Saudi Arabia is relatively recent. While Saudi Arabia is widely known for imposing strict hijab requirements, including among tourists, historical video footage from the 1970s reveals that Saudi women were not previously required to wear the hijab. The following video clip was taken from the 2004 PBS Frontline documentary titled The House of Saud at timestamp 37:24. It shows a school teacher and many school girls. Not a single one covered their hair. They weren’t even wearing the long, black cloak (abaya). Instead, they were wearing a regular dress shirt.

This indicates that the mandate for wearing the hijab must have been instituted at some point after the 1970s.

Saudis take great pride in their tradition, and many old traditions are still practiced to this day. For example, Saudi men have been wearing a long, loose-fitting garment known as a thobe for at least a century. They have also been covering their head/hair, not because it’s required by Islamic law, but probably because that’s what you do in scorching hot climates.

If Saudi women traditionally wore the hijab, then surely that tradition would have continued to be practiced by school girls in the 70s. It is therefore inconceivable to believe that wearing the hijab is now an Islamic mandate if it was not practiced nor required in ultra-orthodox and exceptionally traditional Arabia for approximately 1300 years from the time of Prophet Muhammad till the 1970s.

Hijab

Many Muslims refer to a woman’s head covering as “hijab”. The word “hijab” is never mentioned in the Quran as a head covering. Following are all references to the word “hijab” in the Quran and their meaning.

• To signify the veil between the companions of the garden (Paradise) and the companions of the fire (Hell) (7:46)
• The veil of partition between those who do not believe in the hereafter (17:45)
• The separation / seclusion / screen Mary introduced between herself and her people (19:17)
• In reference to Prophet Solomon (pbuh) and in relation to the narrative with regards his horses (38:32)
• To signify the debarring that the transgressors will experience from their Lord on the Day of Judgement (83:15)
• To signify the separation of the Prophet’s wives (33:53)
• The claim of the disbelievers to signify the veil between what they believe and what the Prophet is calling them to (41.5)
• The veil that God uses to speak to mankind (42:51)

The references above are also available at http://corpus.quran.com/qurandictionary.jsp?q=Hjb#(7:46:2)

Verse 24:31

The verse that most Muslims use to claim a requirement for women to cover their hair is verse 24:31.

وَقُل لِّلْمُؤْمِنَـٰتِ يَغْضُضْنَ مِنْ أَبْصَـٰرِهِنَّ وَيَحْفَظْنَ فُرُوجَهُنَّ وَلَا يُبْدِينَ زِينَتَهُنَّ إِلَّا مَا ظَهَرَ مِنْهَا ۖ وَلْيَضْرِبْنَ بِخُمُرِهِنَّ عَلَىٰ جُيُوبِهِنَّ ۖ وَلَا يُبْدِينَ زِينَتَهُنَّ إِلَّا لِبُعُولَتِهِنَّ أَوْ ءَابَآئِهِنَّ أَوْ ءَابَآءِ بُعُولَتِهِنَّ أَوْ أَبْنَآئِهِنَّ أَوْ أَبْنَآءِ بُعُولَتِهِنَّ أَوْ إِخْوَٰنِهِنَّ أَوْ بَنِىٓ إِخْوَٰنِهِنَّ أَوْ بَنِىٓ أَخَوَٰتِهِنَّ أَوْ نِسَآئِهِنَّ أَوْ مَا مَلَكَتْ أَيْمَـٰنُهُنَّ أَوِ ٱلتَّـٰبِعِينَ غَيْرِ أُو۟لِى ٱلْإِرْبَةِ مِنَ ٱلرِّجَالِ أَوِ ٱلطِّفْلِ ٱلَّذِينَ لَمْ يَظْهَرُوا۟ عَلَىٰ عَوْرَٰتِ ٱلنِّسَآءِ ۖ وَلَا يَضْرِبْنَ بِأَرْجُلِهِنَّ لِيُعْلَمَ مَا يُخْفِينَ مِن زِينَتِهِنَّ ۚ وَتُوبُوٓا۟ إِلَى ٱللَّهِ جَمِيعًا أَيُّهَ ٱلْمُؤْمِنُونَ لَعَلَّكُمْ تُفْلِحُونَ

And say to the believing women that they should lower their gaze and guard their genitals (Arabic: furujahunna); that they should not display their adornment (Arabic: Zeenatahunna) except what is apparent of it (ma zahara minha) and let them draw their head coverings (Arabic: Bi’khumurihinna) over their bosoms / chests (Arabic: Jayubihin) and not to display their adornment (Arabic: Zeenatahunna) except to their husbands, their fathers, their husband’s fathers, their sons, their husbands’ sons, their brothers or their brothers’ sons, or their sisters’ sons, or their women, or the slaves whom their right hands possess, or male servants free of physical needs, or small children who have no sense of the shame of sex; and that they should not strike their feet in order to draw attention to their hidden ornaments. And O ye Believers! turn ye all together towards God, that ye may attain Bliss. (24:31)

Let’s analyze this verse by breaking it up into 4 clauses.

And say to the believing women…

1. to not display their adornment (Arabic: Zeenatahunna زِينَتَهُنَّ)
2. except what is apparent of it (Arabic: illa ma zahara minha إِلَّا مَا ظَهَرَ مِنْهَا)
3. and let them draw their head coverings (Arabic: Bi’khumurihinna بِخُمُرِهِنَّ) over their chests (Arabic: Juyubihinna جُيُوبِهِ)
4. and not to display their adornment (Arabic: Zeenatahunna زِينَتَهُنَّ) except to their husbands, their fathers,…

Context

In order to correctly understand this verse, we must understand its context. The context of this verse clearly has to do with a woman’s adornments / beauty which the verse tells women not to display. The Arabic word for “their adornments” is Zeenatahunna (زِينَتَهُنَّ) which is even used twice in this verse. In general, the verse prohibits women from showing off their beauty. The reason for this is likely related to verse 33:59 which tells women to wear an outer garment to avoid being harassed as wearing an outer garment helps hide a woman’s beauty. 

Following is an explanation of key words in the verse.

zeenatahunna (زِينَتَهُنَّ)

The word zeenatahunna comes from the root letters ZAY-YA-NUN. According to Edward Lane’s lexicon, this word clearly indicates that zeenatahunna is a reference to make-up, beautifying oneself, or adornment to an extent that can become a cause of attraction.

illa ma zahara minha (إِلَّا مَا ظَهَرَ مِنْهَا)

This phrase means “except what is apparent of it” where “it” refers to adornments / beauty (Arabic: zeenah).

bi’khumurihinna (بِخُمُرِهِنَّ)

This word means “with their covering”. The word “khimaar” (pl. khumur) means covering, as indicated in Edward Lane’s lexicon.

Anything that covers something is a covering. A head covering is one kind of khimaar as it covers the head. This applies to both men and women. For example, in hot climates such as in the Middle East, you see men covering their heads due to the heat. In the US, people usually just wear a hat if it’s hot outside. In the context of verse 24:31 above, this word means head covering.

juyubihinna (جُيُوبِهِ)

The word juyubihinna comes from the root letters JIM-YA-BA. According to Edward Lane’s lexicon, in the context of the Quran verse 24:31 above it means bosoms, breasts or chest.

Explanation of verse 24:31

Now that we understand the key words, we can explain what the verse above is saying.

1. Clause 1 is telling women to not display their adornments / beauty
2. Clause 2 exempts adornments / beauty that are naturally apparent, e.g. beautiful face, eyes, etc.
3. Clause 3 tells women to cover their breasts. This clause comes after clause 2 because it clarifies that breasts are not part of the exemption in clause 2 above. And although the verse tells women to draw their head coverings over their breasts, that doesn’t mean that women must cover their heads or hair. When this verse was revealed, it’s likely that both men and women covered their hair because Arabia was and still is a naturally very hot place.
4. Clause 4 then tells women to not display their adornment / beauty except to certain relatives.

Does this verse require women to cover their hair?

No. Nowhere does this verse even mention the word “hair”. If God really wanted women to cover their hair, He could have simply said “and let them draw their head-coverings over their hair and bosoms / chests”, but He didn’t.

Does this verse require women to cover their head?

No. The reference to “head covering” isn’t an instruction to cover the head. Since head coverings must have been commonly worn in Arabia when the verse was revealed, the verse suggests that covering the breasts could be done by drawing a long head covering over the breasts. Of course, nowadays, a shirt would do a much better job at covering one’s breasts than a head covering could ever do.

Head coverings to protect from heat

Some people may argue that head coverings (Arabic: khimaar) used in Arabia when the verse was revealed were not meant to protect people from the heat but rather specifically to hide women’s hair from men. This argument seems invalid since verse 16:81 indicates that God created garments one kind of which was to protect people (both men and women) from the heat.

وَاللَّهُ جَعَلَ لَكُم مِّمَّا خَلَقَ ظِلَالًا وَجَعَلَ لَكُم مِّنَ الْجِبَالِ أَكْنَانًا وَجَعَلَ لَكُمْ سَرَابِيلَ تَقِيكُمُ الْحَرَّ وَسَرَابِيلَ تَقِيكُم بَأْسَكُمْ …

And God has made for you, from that which He has created, shadows and has made for you from the mountains, shelters and has made for you garments which protect you from the heat and garments which protect you from your [enemy in] battle. … (16:81)

The first reference to “garments” in the verse above must refer to head coverings because if it’s hot outside, people all over the world would cover their heads. Other types of garments (e.g. shirt, pants, etc), do not protect people from the heat but rather make them feel hotter, unless the protection from the heat was to prevent skin cancer, which was probably not the intent of this verse.

Also, note that the Arabic word used for “garments” is “sarabeel” which according to Edward Lane’s lexicon means “anything that is worn” so a head covering falls into that category.

Head coverings to protect from harassment

Some people may argue that head coverings (Arabic: khimaar) are necessary for women to protect themselves from being harassed or from unwanted sexual advances from men. First of all, there is no verse in the Quran that says a head covering per se is to protect women from being harassed (verse 33:59 mentions outer garments, not head covering, to avoid harassment). Secondly, women are just as attracted to as men are to women. Women can also harass men. This is even proven in Quran verse 12:23 where the wife of prophet Joseph’s master sought to seduce him.

وَرَاوَدَتْهُ الَّتِي هُوَ فِي بَيْتِهَا عَن نَّفْسِهِ وَغَلَّقَتِ الْأَبْوَابَ وَقَالَتْ هَيْتَ لَكَ ۚ قَالَ مَعَاذَ اللَّهِ ۖ إِنَّهُ رَبِّي أَحْسَنَ مَثْوَايَ ۖ إِنَّهُ لَا يُفْلِحُ الظَّالِمُونَ

And she, in whose house he was, sought to seduce him (prophet Joseph). She closed the doors and said, “Come, you.” He said, “[I seek] the refuge of Allah . Indeed, he is my master, who has made good my residence. Indeed, wrongdoers will not succeed.” (12:23)

In verse 12:32, we see further proof that the wife of prophet Joseph’s master seduced prophet Joseph and even harassed and blackmailed him for refusing her.

قَالَتْ فَذَٰلِكُنَّ الَّذِي لُمْتُنَّنِي فِيهِ ۖ وَلَقَدْ رَاوَدتُّهُ عَن نَّفْسِهِ فَاسْتَعْصَمَ ۖ وَلَئِن لَّمْ يَفْعَلْ مَا آمُرُهُ لَيُسْجَنَنَّ وَلَيَكُونًا مِّنَ الصَّاغِرِينَ

She said, “That is the one about whom you blamed me. And I certainly sought to seduce him, but he firmly refused; and if he will not do what I order him, he will surely be imprisoned and will be of those debased.” (12:32)

In fact, not only did the wife of prophet Joseph’s master seduce, harass, and blackmail prophet Joseph, but she even got violent and ripped his shirt according to verses 12:26-29.

قَالَ هِىَ رَٰوَدَتْنِى عَن نَّفْسِى ۚ وَشَهِدَ شَاهِدٌ مِّنْ أَهْلِهَآ إِن كَانَ قَمِيصُهُۥ قُدَّ مِن قُبُلٍ فَصَدَقَتْ وَهُوَ مِنَ ٱلْكَـٰذِبِينَ وَإِن كَانَ قَمِيصُهُۥ قُدَّ مِن دُبُرٍ فَكَذَبَتْ وَهُوَ مِنَ ٱلصَّـٰدِقِينَ يُوسُفُ أَعْرِضْ عَنْ هَـٰذَا ۚ وَٱسْتَغْفِرِى لِذَنۢبِكِ ۖ إِنَّكِ كُنتِ مِنَ ٱلْخَاطِـِٔينَ ۞ وَقَالَ نِسْوَةٌ فِى ٱلْمَدِينَةِ ٱمْرَأَتُ ٱلْعَزِيزِ تُرَٰوِدُ فَتَىٰهَا عَن نَّفْسِهِۦ ۖ قَدْ شَغَفَهَا حُبًّا ۖ إِنَّا لَنَرَىٰهَا فِى ضَلَـٰلٍ مُّبِينٍ

[Joseph] said, “It was she who sought to seduce me.” And a witness from her family testified, “If his shirt is torn from the front, then she has told the truth, and he is of the liars. But if his shirt is torn from the back, then she has lied, and he is of the truthful.” So when he [i.e., her husband] saw his shirt torn from the back, he said, “Indeed, it is of your [i.e., women’s] plan. Indeed, your plan is great [i.e., vehement]. And women in the city said, “The wife of al-ʿAzeez is seeking to seduce her slave boy; he has impassioned her with love. Indeed, we see her [to be] in clear error.” (12:26-29)

It should now be clear from the Quran that sexual attraction and harassment can go both ways. Considering this fact and the argument that women should cover their hair to avoid being harassed by men, then it must follow that men should also cover their hair to avoid being harassed by women. Obviously, there is no such requirement in the Quran and no one would think that men would need to cover their hair for this reason. Therefore, the argument that women must cover their hair to avoid being harassed is invalid and not supported by the Quran.

Hair as adornment

Some people will argue that a woman’s hair is an adornment and therefore must not be displayed according to clause 1. This argument is invalid because

1. The natural beauty of one’s hair is similar to the natural beauty of one’s face and is therefore exempt according to clause 2.
2. It is unreasonable to consider hair to be in the same category as breasts, especially since men also have hair which can be a cause of attraction for women.
3. Not all women have beautiful hair. Some women have unattractive hair. For them, covering their hair actually makes them more beautiful. Therefore, we cannot assume that hair is an “adornment” (زينة).

Hair as aurah

Many Muslims will make the baseless argument that a woman’s hair, but not a man’s hair, is their “aurah”, and therefore it should be covered.

In verse 7:26, we read that God created clothes for people (both men and women) to cover their private parts / genitalia which, if displayed, is a cause of shame. Most people would agree that a woman’s hair is 1) not genitalia, 2) not a cause of shame or a private part the same way their breasts are considered private. Regardless of this, God says that however you choose to cover your body with clothes, what’s most important is that you behave righteously.

يَا بَنِي آدَمَ قَدْ أَنزَلْنَا عَلَيْكُمْ لِبَاسًا يُوَارِي سَوْآتِكُمْ وَرِيشًا ۖ وَلِبَاسُ التَّقْوَىٰ ذَٰلِكَ خَيْرٌ…

O children of Adam, We have bestowed upon you clothing to conceal your private parts / genitalia (Arabic: saw-ah) and as adornment (Arabic: reesha). But the clothing of righteousness – that is best. … (7:26)

Note that according to Edward Lane’s lexicon, the definition of سَوْآتِكُمْ is

• aurah (عَوْرَة)
• “pudendam” (genitalia)
• “external portion of the organs of generation” (reproductive parts)
• “the anus”
• parts that, if exposed, are a cause of “shame”

Notice in the screenshot above I highlighted the word “au-rah” (عَوْرَة). It is a synonym for “saw-ah” (سَوْءَةٌ).

You may be wondering why God would need to tell people that He created clothes so people can cover their private parts and that women should, by the way, also cover their chests. This purpose of clothing may seem obvious to most but keep in mind that even today, there are still tribes in many places around the world of people wearing nothing or barely anything. For example, the people of Koma in the Northern part of Adamawa State in Nigeria are of the belief that if women wear clothes, they would incur the wrath of the gods which may lead to their death or barrenness. This belief is just as nonsensical as the belief that women’s hair, but not men’s hair, is among their private parts.

Clothing of righteousness

Verse 7:26 above states that the clothing of righteousness is the best type of clothing. So what is righteousness? The answer can be found in Quran verse 2:177 below.

لَّيْسَ الْبِرَّ أَن تُوَلُّوا وُجُوهَكُمْ قِبَلَ الْمَشْرِقِ وَالْمَغْرِبِ وَلَٰكِنَّ الْبِرَّ مَنْ آمَنَ بِاللَّهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ وَالْمَلَائِكَةِ وَالْكِتَابِ وَالنَّبِيِّينَ وَآتَى الْمَالَ عَلَىٰ حُبِّهِ ذَوِي الْقُرْبَىٰ وَالْيَتَامَىٰ وَالْمَسَاكِينَ وَابْنَ السَّبِيلِ وَالسَّائِلِينَ وَفِي الرِّقَابِ وَأَقَامَ الصَّلَاةَ وَآتَى الزَّكَاةَ وَالْمُوفُونَ بِعَهْدِهِمْ إِذَا عَاهَدُوا ۖ وَالصَّابِرِينَ فِي الْبَأْسَاءِ وَالضَّرَّاءِ وَحِينَ الْبَأْسِ ۗ أُولَٰئِكَ الَّذِينَ صَدَقُوا ۖ وَأُولَٰئِكَ هُمُ الْمُتَّقُونَ

Righteousness is not that you turn your faces toward the east or the west, but [true] righteousness is [in] one who believes in Allah, the Last Day, the angels, the Book, and the prophets and gives wealth, in spite of love for it, to relatives, orphans, the needy, the traveler, those who ask [for help], and for freeing slaves; [and who] establishes prayer and gives zakah; [those who] fulfill their promise when they promise; and [those who] are patient in poverty and hardship and during battle. Those are the ones who have been true, and it is those who are the righteous. (2:177)

Notice how righteousness from a Quranic point of view has absolutely nothing to do with the type of clothes women wear or how they wear them. Clearly, God considers specific clothing requirements less important than belief in God, His Angels, His Books, His Prophets, sharing wealth, praying, etc. That is probably because verses related to women’s clothing are recommendations for women to reduce unwanted attention and the possibility of being harassed as opposed to strict commandments that determine whether you go to Hell or not.

Head covering for Muslim identity

Some women will comment that wearing the hijab is necessary or encouraged to support their identity as a Muslim. First of all, there is no such thing as Islamic clothing from a Quranic point of view. What people call Islamic clothing is nothing more than traditional garb that is commonly worn in Islamic countries. There is no verse in the Quran that says Muslim women need to identify themselves by wearing a hijab. Furthermore, wearing a hijab most definitely doesn’t increase your chances of being allowed into Heaven. Consider, for example, the following people mentioned in the Quran. Their identity as being married to or descendants of prophets may make you think that they must be righteous when in fact they are the opposite.

• Most of prophet Abraham and prophet Noah’s descendants were unrighteous. (57:26, 37:113, 2:124)
• The wives of prophet Noah and prophet Lot, despite living with them, were unrighteous. (66:10)
• Prophet Noah’s son was of evil conduct. (11:46)
• Prophet Jacob’s sons tried to kill their brother, Joseph. (11:1-18)

Now, considering how evil Pharaoh was, you’re probably thinking his wife must have also been evil. Interestingly, and surprisingly, Pharaoh’s wife was actually righteous despite being married to one of the worse evildoers of all time. (66:11)

Similarly, one’s identity as a Muslim woman by wearing the hijab has nothing to do with righteousness from an Islamic point of view. This is no different than men who think they should have a long beard to identify themselves as religious Muslims. If having a long beard actually somehow made you more righteous than people without one, then what are men supposed to do who naturally don’t have any facial hair? Get a hair transplant?

Head covering for modesty

Some Muslim women will argue that they wear the hijab to be modest. There is no Quranic commandment to dress modestly or to behave modestly, although being modest and not arrogant is in line with the spirit of the Quran. If we look at the first part of verse 24:31, we find a few English translations where the translator (Pickthall and Yusuf Ali) incorrectly translated the meaning by replacing “genitals” with “modesty”. All other translators correctly used the term “genitals”.

وَقُل لِّلْمُؤْمِنَـٰتِ يَغْضُضْنَ مِنْ أَبْصَـٰرِهِنَّ وَيَحْفَظْنَ فُرُوجَهُنَّ …

Correct translation And say to the believing women that they should lower their gaze and guard their genitals (Arabic: furuujahunna)… (24:31)

Pickthall translation And tell the believing women to lower their gaze and be modest… (24:31)

Yusuf Ali translation And say to the believing women that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty … (24:31)

If you are in doubt about the true meaning of the Arabic word فُرُوجَهُنَّ (furuujahunna), then you can verify the correct meaning in Edward Lane’s lexicon (screenshot below).

To say that the meaning of فُرُوجَهُنَّ (furuujahunna) is “modesty” does injustice to the Quran and spreads confusion among innocent Muslims who mistakenly think that they can trust the accuracy of all translations.

Logically, covering one’s hair doesn’t automatically make someone modest. For example, one could wear a fancy hijab with various embellishments such as diamonds (fake or not) and gold patterns like the one pictured below. That hardly looks modest. In fact, it looks the opposite of modest. Of course, Muslim women don’t dress like that every day, but many do to varying degrees on special occasions.

Now, let’s say that one wears a plain hijab instead of a fancy one. But, they also wear make-up to embellish and prettify their face, which is actually very common. If the point of wearing the hijab is to make themselves appear modest, then they’ve negated that effort by spending probably a considerable amount of time wearing make-up, e.g. in the example picture below. Note that wearing make-up is an adornment (zeenah) which, according to the first clause of verse 24:31, is forbidden.

If one is concerned about modesty, they should focus on having a modest behavior and attitude, e.g. refusing to take credit for a big achievement, rather than incorrectly believing that covering their hair will suddenly make themselves and everyone around them think that they are modest.

If one is concerned about whether they are allowed to dress attractively, then keep in mind that according to Quran verse 7:26 (see above), God actually encourages people to dress attractively because He literally created clothes for two purposes:

1. to cover genitalia
2. as an adornment / beauty (Arabic: رِيشًا ree-sha)

According to Edward Lane’s lexicon, the definition of رِيشًا is clothing that signifies ornament and beauty (adornment).

If God created clothing so humans can look good in them, intentionally refusing to wear beautiful clothing is akin to not appreciating God’s creation. Consider Quran chapter 55 which mentions numerous creations of God followed by the question

So which of the favors of your Lord would you deny?

As if to drill it in your brain, that question was repeated 31 times, most likely to emphasize that the good things that God created for humans should be appreciated, not denied!

Hadith argument

Some Muslims will argue that somewhere in the thousands of hadith there is a saying that requires women to cover their hair. Read proof that the hadith cannot be used as Islamic law.

Jewish influence

Orthodox Jews have certain practices such as male circumcision, particular slaughter methods to produce kosher meat, and “sheitel”, which is the requirement for married women to cover their hair. Muslims have very similar practices even though they are not mentioned nor required in the Quran. Unsurprisingly, the Jewish Bible / Torah also does not require women to cover their hair. Rather, this Jewish requirement came from Jewish secondary sources (Talmud). Note that the Jewish Bible / Torah is like the Quran whereas the Jewish Talmud is like the hadith.

This article goes into detail regarding the Jewish practice and origins of covering one’s hair.

Based on the similarity between Judaism and Islam and the fact that Judaism came before Islam, it is possible and not unreasonable to believe that some Muslim scholars long ago were influenced by Judaism to adopt these Jewish practices into Islam.

Conclusion

The analysis above should make it clear that women are required to cover their breasts but NOT their hair.

Addendum

Analogy to help understand verse 24:31

Some people will still argue that verse 24:31 still means that women must cover their head or hair because it mentions “head covering”. To help understand why they are wrong, the following is an analogy written similar to verse 24:31 with 4 clauses.

And say to the children …

1. to not leave their toys everywhere when they’re done playing
2. except certain toys that can’t be easily put away
3. and let them put away their crayons in their bags
4. and not to leave their toys in the kitchen, dining room, …

Context

This statement clearly has to do with children and where they put their toys.

Exemption

Some toys are exempt from being put away because maybe they are too big.

Crayons

Crayons, which are considered toys, are not exempt from being put away. Since each child typically has a bag, they can put their crayons in their bags.

Does this statement require children to wear their bags on their backs like a backpack?

No. The word “back” isn’t even mentioned anywhere in the statement.

Does this statement require children to have a bag?

No. The reference to “bag” isn’t an instruction to have a bag. Since children commonly have bags, e.g. lunch bags, backpacks, sports bags, etc, the statement suggests that crayons could be put in their bags. Of course, nowadays kids wear pants with pockets. They could just as easily put away their crayons in their pockets. No bag necessary. Furthermore, the context of the statement has to do with putting toys away, not with whether to carry a bag or not.

Conclusion

From this analogy, we see that although the statement suggests kids put away their crayons in their bags, it doesn’t literally nor based on context require kids to have a bag. This is similar to verse 24:31 where God suggests that women cover their breasts with their head coverings to hide their adornments. It doesn’t literally nor based on context require women to cover their hair. 

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• Islamic Misconceptions About the Call to Prayer (Adhaan)
• Most Muslims Are Wrong About Various Aspects of Prayer
• Islamic Ablution (Wudhu) Is Simpler Than Many Muslims Think
• Muslims Don’t Need to Perform Ablution (Wudhu) Before Touching the Quran
• Deferring Matters of Islamic Law to Religious Scholars Is Not Permissible. Studying and Understanding the Quran is Required.
• Proof That the Quran Is Complete and That the Hadith Books Are Not Needed
• Prayer Among Jews, Christians, and Muslims – A Quranic Analysis
• The Testimony (Shahadah) to Convert to Islam is Inaccurate
• Categories of People According to the Quran
• Jews and Christians Are Actually Muslims
• Abraham, Not Muhammad, Was the Founder of Islam
• Jewish, Christian and Islamic Scriptures
• The Fallacy That Descendants of Prophet Muhammad Are Superior to Everyone Else
• Islamic Prophets, Messengers & Scriptures
• What is God’s Name – A Quranic Analysis
• Aliens Do Exist – A Quranic Analysis
• Most Muslims Are Asian, Not Arab
• Proof That Relatives (Wives, Children, Descendants, etc) of Islamic Prophets, Including Muhammad, Are Not Automatically Righteous
• There Is No Punishment for Blasphemy in Islam
• Proof That Arabic is Not a Holy or Superior Language
• Proof That Prophet Muhammad Is Not Exclusive or Superior to Other Prophets
• Muslims (Submitters) and Mu’mins (Believers) Are Not the Same Thing
• Most Jews, Christians, and Polytheists Are Not Infidels (Kafir)
• There Is No Quranic Proof That Zamzam Water Is Blessed Holy Water
• Muslims Are Not Allowed To Force Others To Practice Islam. So Why Do Muslims & Islamic Governments Keep Doing It?
• If You Are a Sunni or Shia Muslim, Then You’ve Violated Islamic Law
• Contrary to Extremist Belief, Muslims Are Allowed To Sing and Listen to Music
• Muslims Are Allowed To Have Statues and Photos of People in Their Homes
• Dogs Aren’t Impure. Muslims Are Allowed to Have Pet Dogs.
• Muslims Are Allowed to Pay Interest, e.g. on a Car or Home Loan
• Prophet Muhammad Was Not Illiterate. He Could Read and Write.
• Jesus is Dead & He Ain’t Comin’ Back – A Quranic Analysis
• Many Muslims Are Wrong About Getting Help From Others on the Day of Judgment
• Wills and Inheritance Law According to the Quran
• Most Muslims Are Wrong About Halal Food
• Circumcision Is Not Required Among Muslim Boys / Men
• Muslim Women Are Not Exempt From Congregational Friday Prayers
• Muslim Women Are Not Exempt From Fasting, Praying, etc During Menstruation
• The Quran Doesn’t Support a Strictly Vegetarian Diet
• Summary of the Quran
• Summary of the Quran 2
• إثبات أن الحديث ليس شرعاً إسلامياً صالحاً
• إثبات أن النساء المسلمات لسن بحاجة لتغطية شعرهم
• Bukti Hadits Tidak Valid Hukum Islam
• Kekeliruan Bahwa Keturunan Nabi Muhammad Lebih Unggul Dari Semua Orang Lain
• Bukti Wanita Muslim Tidak Harus Menutup Rambutnya Dengan Hijab

Some Muslims believe that there are no aliens. However, the Quran indicates that there are living creatures beyond the Earth.

Definition of alien

Alien: “An extraterrestrial being. A form (s) of life assumed to exist outside the Earth or its atmosphere within other parts of the Universe”

What is the Arabic word “Da’aba”?

Da’aba means to go gently, crawl, creep or walk. The word basically captures whatsoever moves on the earth, especially that of animals and beasts of burden, quadrupeds, any moving creature, insects, and humans.

Daabatun (n.): Moving creature; Crawling animal.

Dawaabbun (n.plu.): Crawling animals.

Daba has been used to denote humans too (24:45; 35:45). It is also used negatively (16:61 8:22; 8.55).

Dabbah n.f. (pl. dawab) has been used many times in the Quran: 2:164, 6:38, 8:22, 8:55, 11:6, 11:56, 16:49, 16:61, 22:18, 24:45, 27:82, 29:60, 31:10, 34:14, 35:28, 35:45, 42:29, 45:4

What is the Arabic word “Samawaat (heavens)”?

The Quranic expression “Samawat wal ‘ard” means “The Heavens and the Earth”. It denotes the whole Universe in its entirety.

إِنَّ رَبَّكُمُ اللَّهُ الَّذِي خَلَقَ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ فِي سِتَّةِ أَيَّامٍ ثُمَّ اسْتَوَىٰ عَلَى الْعَرْشِ ۖ يُدَبِّرُ الْأَمْرَ ۖ مَا مِن شَفِيعٍ إِلَّا مِن بَعْدِ إِذْنِهِ ۚ ذَٰلِكُمُ اللَّهُ رَبُّكُمْ فَاعْبُدُوهُ ۚ أَفَلَا تَذَكَّرُونَ

Indeed, your Lord is Allah, who created the heavens and the earth (Arabic: samawat wal ‘ard) in six days and then established Himself above the Throne, arranging the matter [of His creation]. There is no intercessor except after His permission. That is Allah, your Lord, so worship Him. Then will you not remember? (10:3)

وَلَقَدْ جَعَلْنَا فِي السَّمَاءِ بُرُوجًا وَزَيَّنَّاهَا لِلنَّاظِرِينَ

And We have placed within the heaven (Arabic: samaa) great stars and have beautified it for the observers. (15:16)

وَزَيَّنَّا السَّمَاءَ الدُّنْيَا بِمَصَابِيحَ

… And We adorned the nearest heaven (Arabic: samaa) with lamps (stars) … (41:12)

إِنَّا زَيَّنَّا السَّمَاءَ الدُّنْيَا بِزِينَةٍ الْكَوَاكِبِ

Indeed, We have adorned the nearest heaven (Arabic: samaa) with an adornment of stars / planets. (37:6)

Based on the above verses, it should be clear that the Arabic word “samaa” (heaven) or plural “samawaat” (heavens) means the entire universe.

Proof of alien existence

Now that we know what da’ba (moving creature) and samawaat (heavens / universe) mean, we can see from verse 42:29 that there are moving creates in both the heavens and the earth.

وَمِنْ آيَاتِهِ خَلْقُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَمَا بَثَّ فِيهِمَا مِن دَابَّةٍ ۚ وَهُوَ عَلَىٰ جَمْعِهِمْ إِذَا يَشَاءُ قَدِيرٌ

And of his signs is the creation of the heavens and earth and what He has dispersed in both of them (Arabic: fi-hima) of creatures. And He, for gathering them when He wills, is competent.(42:29)

The basis of the question posed by the angels

In verse 2:30, there is a story about the angels questioning God regarding man’s vicegerency on the Earth.

وَإِذْ قَالَ رَبُّكَ لِلْمَلَائِكَةِ إِنِّي جَاعِلٌ فِي الْأَرْضِ خَلِيفَةً ۖ قَالُوا أَتَجْعَلُ فِيهَا مَن يُفْسِدُ فِيهَا وَيَسْفِكُ الدِّمَاءَ وَنَحْنُ نُسَبِّحُ بِحَمْدِكَ وَنُقَدِّسُ لَكَ ۖ قَالَ إِنِّي أَعْلَمُ مَا لَا تَعْلَمُونَ

And [mention, O Muhammad], when your Lord said to the angels, “Indeed, I will make upon the earth a vicegerent.” They said, “Will You place upon it one who causes corruption therein and sheds blood, while we declare Your praise and sanctify You?” Allah said, “Indeed, I know that which you do not know.”(42:29)

For the angels to ask whether God was going to place on Earth a creature such as humans who will shed blood, they must have known about a similar creature that sheds blood, e.g. in some other part of the universe. If the angels had no prior knowledge of a similar creature that behaves that way, they wouldn’t have asked that question. At this point in the conversation with God, humans had not yet been created. Also, angels have no knowledge of the future as, according to the Quran, only God knows the future.

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• Most Muslims Are Wrong About Halal Food
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• Muslim Women Are Not Exempt From Fasting, Praying, etc During Menstruation
• The Quran Doesn’t Support a Strictly Vegetarian Diet
• Summary of the Quran
• Summary of the Quran 2
• إثبات أن الحديث ليس شرعاً إسلامياً صالحاً
• إثبات أن النساء المسلمات لسن بحاجة لتغطية شعرهم
• Bukti Hadits Tidak Valid Hukum Islam
• Kekeliruan Bahwa Keturunan Nabi Muhammad Lebih Unggul Dari Semua Orang Lain
• Bukti Wanita Muslim Tidak Harus Menutup Rambutnya Dengan Hijab